戰爭、盟國與礦產：資源委員會對美國與蘇聯的錫、鎢貿易之運作與協調（1938-1945）

War, Allies, and Minerals: The National Resources Commission in the Trade of Tin and Tungsten with the US and the USSR (1938–1945)

二十世紀初，由於礦產係重要的工業原料，故工業需求國與原料供應國的經濟關係往往隱含主導與附屬的階序意涵。戰爭時期，特種礦產更是各國競相爭取的戰略物資，工業國與原料國的經濟階序亦隨之產生變化。對於擁有豐富礦產資源的中國而言，抗日戰爭初期是以錫品與鎢砂作為對美國與蘇聯協商易貨借款的關鍵物資。隨著戰局惡化，中國礦產的國內生產與對外運輸日益艱難。在有限的資源下，如何協調美國與蘇聯對錫、鎢的需求，成為此時期資源委員會處理礦產貿易的重大課題。為此，資委會極力克服困難，設法將一定數量的錫、鎢運往美、蘇，並在同盟國體系內積極溝通，以促進資源流通。本文試圖從中國尋求盟友到與盟國合作的戰爭歷程中，探究資委會在對外礦產貿易的運作與協調，包括運輸交涉、物資調配，以及暫緩債款與換取黃金等戰時措施，進一步深化對中國在二戰期間採取主動作為的理解。

In the early twentieth century, as minerals were critical raw materials, the economic relationship between countries with industrial demand and raw material suppliers often implied a hierarchy of dominance and subordination. During the Second World War, however, specific minerals became of strategic importance, leading to a change in the established economic hierarchy. For China, rich in mineral resources, tin and tungsten proved critical in barter loan negotiations with the United States and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. As the war worsened, the domestic production and transportation of minerals in China became increasingly difficult. With limited resources, reconciling the demands of the US and the USSR for tin and tungsten posed a significant challenge for the National Resources Commission (NRC). The NRC endeavored to overcome these difficulties by shipping a certain amount of tin and tungsten, as well as actively communicating and establishing connections within the framework of the Allied powers to further the flow of resources. Considering China’s move from seeking allies to collaborating with the Allied powers during the wartime period, this article focuses on the operations and coordination of the NRC in the mineral trade with the US and the USSR. It explores key aspects such as transportation and logistics, the allocation of materials, debt moratorium, and gold exchange, aiming to further deepen our understanding of China’s proactive initiatives during the Second World War.