1949年第一屆全國衛生行政會議與中華人民共和國衛生政策的初步制定

The Inaugural National Health Administration Conference in 1949 and the Preliminary Formulation of Health Policy in the People’s Republic of China

1949年第一屆全國衛生行政會議是中華人民共和國成立之初，按照中共中央和毛澤東、周恩來、朱德等人指示，在北京召開的一次初步規劃新中國衛生工作藍圖的會議。這次會議經過10月會議和11月會議兩個階段，初步制定了以「預防為主」為核心的全國衛生工作總方針，對醫學教育、公共衛生、軍隊衛生、藥材工作和衛生幹部等問題做出決議，並為1950年全國衛生會議召開做了組織、提案等工作的準備。這次會議也是中華人民共和國衛生事業發展史上一次具有開創性、奠基性作用的會議，其成果為中華人民共和國建立後衛生工作統一發展提供了依據，亦為中共建國初期衛生工作三大原則確立奠定了基礎，並促進了衛生工作四大原則的形成。同時，由於建國初期嚴峻的衛生形勢、「中醫科學化」指導思想的內在矛盾等歷史、現實因素影響，全國衛生行政會議及其決議在高級醫學教育學制、團結中醫等方面存在諸多問題，為1950年代及其後衛生工作中一系列波折埋下了伏筆。

The inaugural National Health Administration Conference (NHAC) of 1949 was held in Beijing shortly after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as instructed by Mao Zedong (1893–1976), Zhou Enlai (1898–1976), Zhu De (1886–1976), and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to draw up a blueprint for national health work. After two meetings held in October and November, the NHAC initially formulated the general guidelines for health work with“prevention first”as the core; adopted resolutions on medical education, public health, military health, work concerning medicinal materials, and health cadres; and made preparations for the 1950 National Health Conference. The NHAC thus played a pioneering and foundational role in the development of the PRC’s health projects, with its achievements providing a basis for the unified development of health work, laying the foundation for the establishment of the three major principles of health work in the early PRC, and promoting the formation of the later four major principles. But due to the impact of historical and practical factors such as the severity of the health situation in the early PRC and the inherent contradiction in the guiding ideology of the“scientifization of traditional Chinese medicine,”the NHAC and its resolutions encountered several problems in the advanced medical education system and in uniting traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, ultimately foreshadowing the series of twists and turns in the development of health work in the 1950s and thereafter.