國家發展分類及發展差異之探索：以聯合國的17項永續目標為例

Exploration of National Development Classification and Development Differences: Taking the 17 Sustainable Goals of the United Nations as an Example

本研究旨在探索國家發展分類，以2015年聯合國發布之「2030永續發展目標」（Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs）的17項目標，在2023年資料作為國家發展分類的依據。110個國家資料經過集群分析、區別分析、單因子變異數分析結果顯示：一、以17項SDGs值及國家永續發展指數分析，110個國家發展可分為領先群、努力群與落後群，各有33個、46個與31個國家，分類準確度為99.10%；國家發展愈先進，愈重視17項SDGs。二、領先群、努力群及落後群國家，除了目標12、目標13、目標14之外，其他目標及國家永續發展指數均為領先群明顯高於努力群及落後群國家，而努力群明顯高於落後群國家。領先群與落後群國家的差距值排前五名為目標9、目標1、目標4、目標3、目標7，也就是在工業化、創新及基礎建設，領先群及落後群國家的差距最大，其次是終結貧窮，第三是優質教育，第四是健康與福祉，第五為可負擔的潔淨能源。領先群與努力群國家在減少不平等的差距最大，其次為工業化、創新及基礎建設，第三為責任消費及生產。不同類型的國家宜依據發展落後程度及國家發展需求，在永續發展策略提出政策規劃。

The main goal of this study is to explore the classification of national development, using the 17 goals of the “2030 Sustainable Development Goals” released by the United Nations in 2015, and 2023 data as the basis for national development classification. After cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and one-way variation analysis, the data of 110 countries showed that: 1. Based on the 17 SDGs values and the national sustainable development index, the development of 110 countries can be divided into leading group, striving group and lagging group, each with 33, 46, 31 countries, classification accuracy was 99.10%. The more advanced a country was in development, the more attention it will pay to the 17 SDGs; 2. Leading group, striving group and lagging group countries, except for goal 12, goal 13 and goal 14, other goals and national sustainable development indexes were all clearly in the leading group. It was higher than the countries in the striving group and the lagging group, while the striving group was significantly higher than the countries in the lagging group. The top five gaps between the leading group and the lagging countries were goal 9, goal 1, goal 4, goal 3, and goal 7. That is, in industrialization, innovation and infrastructure construction, the gap between the leading and lagging countries was the largest, followed by the third was to end poverty, the third is quality education, the fourth is health and well-being, and the fifth was affordable and clean energy. The gap between countries in the leading group and the striving group was largest in reducing inequality, followed by industrialization, innovation and infrastructure, and third by responsible consumption and production. Different countries should propose policy plans for sustainable development strategies based on their degree of backwardness and national development needs.