在山水名勝之間構塑自我——清初士人的西山退谷書寫及其意蘊闡釋

Creating A Self-image by Means of Scenic Spots:Writing on Xishan Tuigu and its Historical Significance for Early Qing Literati

本文透過文化地理學所主張之人地關係，探究清初士人書寫北京西山退谷的原委及其背後蘊含之意涵。先從清初時局與主人孫承澤引退前的仕宦經歷，抉發「退谷」一個鮮為人知的命稱與其間之隱諱心跡。接著介紹西山退谷的居游環境與多重景觀，突顯其位於自然美景、歷史勝蹟之間的獨特地理優勢和所引發之歷史滄桑感。而後再分別敘述西山退谷對於北海與其他士人的意義、重要性。對主人來說，閒居退谷讓他能夠扭轉改節貳臣的身分，以山林高士、著述醇儒展示在世人／後代的面前。就其他士人而言，退谷是集體記憶中的重要名勝場所，以其謐靜的空間氛圍滌蕩彼此之紛雜情思，身心因此獲致閒適恬淡，自我暫且擁有了不同面貌。而當眾人走出户外，暢游山水名勝並於退谷亭壁題記展示，則藉此塑造公眾形象，提高自我之聲名傳佈。於是，退谷由京畿近郊的一隅自然場所，從此成為兼具豐厚意涵的人文勝境，且在歷史舞臺中佔有一席之地。這種人地彼此依存，相互創造自我界義的緊密關聯，使得西山退谷聲名鵲起，反覆出現在清初士人的字裡行間。

This article studies the human-environment relationship in cultural geography to probe into the early Qing literati’s writings about the meaning of Xishan Tuigu in Beijing.
First, it examines the circumstances during the early Qing period and Sun Chengze’s experience as an official before retreating, and explores the little known origin of the name “Tuigu”. Second, it introduces the natural environment and multilevel landscape of Tuigu, and attempts to relate it to its historical connotation. Third, it explains the meaning and significance of Tuigu for Beihai and other literati. For Sun, this secluded life represents an alternative to officialdom, assuming a noble Confucian identity in the public eye and for the descendants. For other literati, Xishan Tuigui is an important scenic spot in their collective memories. Its tranquil space purifies their confused state of mind while providing them with a brief moment of leisure.
In addition, during their travels there people made inscriptions on the wall of Tuigu pavilion to shape their public images and enhance their reputation. Therefore, this location turned from a merely scenic spot into a historical place with a rich historical connotation. This co-dependent relationship between people and place explains why Xishan Tuigu was so popular with Qing literati and why it appeared in their writings.