行旅、追思與游息之學──湛甘泉的南嶽《紀行錄》探微

Travel, Sightseeing and Remembrance–An Investigation into the Hidden Meanings within Zhan Ruoshui’s Travel Notes on the Journeys to the Southern Mountain

明代儒者湛若水（甘泉，1466-1560）在其致仕後，曾兩度從廣州前往湖南，遊歷南嶽衡山，時間分別是嘉靖二十三年（1544，年七十九歲）與三十五年（1556，年九十一歲），並留下兩部詳實的旅遊日誌與詩文作品：《岳遊紀行錄》與《重遊南岳紀行錄》。透過對這兩部《紀行錄》的分析與探討，我們可以看到甘泉歷時百餘日，往返七千餘里的壯遊歷程與行旅遭遇。
本文首先討論甘泉兩次遠遊的路徑與旅程安排，得知他抵達衡山後，首要之務便是興築書院與為其師陳獻章（白沙，1428-1500）創立祠堂，而於九秩高齡不畏艱辛險阻，堅決再次前往，也是為了視察此祠堂之存廢。由此可發現他如此熱衷南嶽之行，即是為了一酬先師未了之遺願。而在第二次往赴的紀錄中，他提出「晚年進步，在此一遊」的說法，經研究可知此「進步」並非個人哲學理論的飛躍，而是對此趟旅程之艱困與不確定性，將有益於修養境界之提升的肯認及預告。最後，基於對遊觀山水的價值認同，甘泉提出「游息之學」的說法，其內涵要義在於：不宜心隨物轉，情隨景遷，反之，當「以我觀山」而不逐景，則山峙川流，鳥啼花落，無非是吾人包貫萬有之內在心性的開顯與朗現。
總此而論，本文透過詩作的研討，揭示儒者在好遊的時代風尚中，如何將行旅遊觀提升到修養身心性命的「遊道」哲思。

After his retirement, Zhan Ruoshui who was a Confucian scholar of the mid-Ming Dynasty, made two journeys to mount Heng in the Southern Mountain. These two journeys were made during the reign of the Jiajing emperor, first in 1544 and then again in 1556, for which he left behind detailed records known respectively as Travel Notes on the Journey to the Southern Mountain and Travel Notes on the Return to the Southern Mountain. Studying these two books allows us to discover the sights he saw and the experiences he had while traveling, and can also be seen as an expression of self-cultivation during his twilight years. Moreover, Zhan Ruoshui’s network of interpersonal relationships is demonstrated through the reception he received by officials, students and old friends alike during his journeys. The reason why he was so determined to undertake the two journeys to mount Heng was his desire to fulfil the last wish of his late teacher Chen Xianzhang to establish and maintain an academy and an ancestral temple in his name. Thus, these records also allow us to understand the inner workings of how this academy was run. Additionally, the events recorded in these two volumes are for the most part written using the medium of poetry, as using poetry to express thoughts and feelings was a tradition amongst literati in the past. Therefore, this research paper is an attempt to use the poetic expression both to demonstrate a traditional habit and to explore the reasoning of arguments.