2019年印尼總統大選期間促使華報澄清選舉假訊息因素探討

A Study on Factors Influencing Chinese Newspapers’Efforts to Debunk Electoral Fake News During the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election

2019年5月21日，印尼政府實行了民主化以來規模最大的社群媒體屏蔽措施，被屏蔽的社群媒體包括Facebook、WhatsApp和Instagram，印尼政府目的是為了避免在有心人士的煽動下，造成敗選人普拉伯沃（PrabowoSubiando）支持者抗議活動的失控。然而次日，在部分的抗議活動中，卻開始出現「驅逐中國（Usir Cina）」和「小心外國（Awas Asing）」等口號，怒控作為勝選者的印尼總統佐科威（Joko Widodo）在經濟議題上過度傾中。這些現象，不免勾起2014年印尼總統大選期間，網路流傳關於佐科威是中國人或是共產黨成員的假訊息，這些口號加上2014年以華人血統和共產黨來侮蔑佐科威後所衍生出的影響，著實讓印尼華人社群感到擔憂。鑒於過去多數研究都聚焦於印尼政府如何抑制假訊息，但是卻鮮少有探討印尼報社或印尼華報究竟是如何應對假訊息的相關文獻。作為在傳統華人社群中的新聞主要傳播管道，印尼華報於2019年印尼總統大選期間，印尼華報是否有積極的為華人社群闢謠？哪些議題的假訊息是印尼華報所關心的議題？本文將透過印尼的《印度尼西亞商報》、《國際日報》和《印尼星洲日報》等現行三家最具影響力的華報作為研究對象，分析促使其澄清假訊息的因素，並進一步透過交叉分析，探究三家印尼華報於2019年印尼總統大選選前與後，究竟是什麼因素促使其澄清假訊息。本文期待藉由對印尼華報澄清假訊息一行為進行分析，解印尼華報在華人社群中扮演的角色與其重要性，以成為之後相關主題研究的重要知識積累。

On May 21, 2019, the Indonesian government implemented the largest social media blocking measures since the country’s democratization. The blocked social media platforms included Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. The government's objective was to prevent the supporters of the losing candidate, Prabowo, from causing the protests to spiral out of control due to incitement. However, the next day, during some of the protests, slogans such as“Expel the Chinese (Usir Cina)”and“Beware of Foreigners (Awas Asing)”began to appear, accusing the winning president, Joko Widodo, of being overly pro-China on economic issues. These phenomena inevitably brought back memories of the fake news circulating online during the 2014 Indonesian presidential election, which falsely claimed that Joko Widodo was Chinese or a member of the Communist Party. These slogans, combined with the effects of the 2014 campaign that smeared Widodo with claims of Chinese ancestry and Communist ties, have indeed caused concern among the Indonesian Chinese community. Given that most previous studies have focused on how the Indonesian government suppresses fake news, there has been little exploration of how Indonesian newspapers, particularly Indonesian Chinese-language newspapers, have responded to the issue of fake news. As a primary channel of news dissemination in the traditional Chinese community, did Indonesian Chinese-language newspapers actively debunk rumors for the Chinese community during the 2019 Indonesian presidential election? Do the issues that various Indonesian Chinese newspapers focus on align with the needs and concerns of their primary readership? This article takes the three most influential Chinese-language newspapers in Indonesia—Indonesia Shang Bao, International Daily News, and Harian Indonesia—as research objects, analyzing their efforts to combat fake news. Furthermore, through cross-analysis, it will explore the factors that drove these three newspapers to clarify fake news before and after the 2019 Indonesian presidential election. This article aims to analyze the behavior of Indonesian Chinese newspapers in clarifying fake news to understand the role they play and their importance within the Chinese community in Indonesia, thereby contributing to the accumulation of knowledge for future research on related topics.