極右翼認同主義運動的崛起與影響：以比利時「盾與朋友」為例

The Rise and Impact of the Far-Right Identitarian Movement: The Belgian Case of Schild en Vrienden

21世紀初，歐洲新右派開始建立新形態專業的媒體與機構，並開始逐步走上街頭、參與運動發揮影響力。年輕世代的認同主義者則是此新策略發展的先鋒部隊。自2012年起，認同世代開始進入政治場域，以行動為導向的主張開始出現。他們成功的把歐洲新右派意識型態帶進街頭，並因此開創政治光譜的新空間。2008年的金融危機和2015年的移民浪潮導致歐盟快速的結構性變化，並對歐盟未來生活水準瀰漫著一種不確定性。極右翼認同主義運動利用了這些變化所產生的焦慮，宣揚從全球化和歐盟撤退，同時主張實行內向型、有國界的政策，反對移民和文化多元化。認同主義者的目標是透過引人矚目的媒體行動來傳播「歐洲與伊斯蘭教」的敘事。他們秉持著葛蘭西的概念，在革命性變遷之前必須先從事一場文化戰爭，有意識地發展一種具有意識形態、符號和美學的本土主義反文化。
認同主義者渴望將自己展現為歐洲最堅定的捍衛者，「盾與朋友」是極右翼組織跨國網絡的比利時分支。本研究以此為個案研究對象，將從理念論述、街頭行動與政治結盟三方面來加以分析探討。

From the early 2000s on, the European New Right established new specialized forms of media and institutions - and increasingly took to the streets. The Identitarians are the spearhead of this new strategic development. Since 2012, when Identitarians entered the political scene, action-oriented forms of claims making emerged. They have successfully brought the European New Right ideology to the streets and have thus opened new spaces for the whole spectrum. The financial crisis of 2008 and the migration wave of 2015 have resulted in rapid structural changes and spreading uncertainty about future living standards in the EU. Far-right Identitarian Movements have capitalized on the anxieties emanating from these changes. They propagate a retreat from globalization and from the EU while advocating an inward-oriented policy with national borders against migration and cultural diversification. The Identitarians aim to spread their ''Europe versus Islam'' narrative with resounding media actions. Adhering to the Gramscian notion that a cultural war must be engaged in prior to revolutionary change, they have consciously developed a nativist counter culture complete with ideology, symbols and aesthetics. The Identitarians are eager to present themselves as the next in the long line Europe's staunchest defenders. Schild en Vrienden is the Belgian branch of the transnational network of far-right organizations.
This research portrays a new generation of New Right actors by putting the focus of interest on three main levels of action: intellectual work, street action and party politics.