半總統制與不自由的民主：以蔡英文總統執政時期為例（2016-2022）

Semi-Presidentialism and Non-liberal Democracy:Taking the Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen As an Example(2016-2022)

自M. Duverger提出「半總統制」這個有別於總統制與內閣制的憲政體制類型以來，便引發了政治學界的極大的興趣與討論。我國於九七修憲之後，也正式從憲法本文中的修正式內閣制轉型為半總統制，而朝向「憲法總統化」的路徑邁進。然而，當代世界正面臨前所未有的挑戰，眾多新興或資深的民主國家，皆恐陷入民主倒退的危機之中，其中F. Zakaria所論及的「不自由的民主」觀念，無疑是為我們敲醒了警鐘：有越來越多的民主國家，正出現了自由遭受剝奪擠壓的跡象。
在2021年1月出刊的《亞洲週刊》直指我國為「民選獨裁」的國家，認為蔡英文變成新威權主義總統，這與「不自由的民主」相呼應。職是之故，本文將從蔡總統執政（2016-2022）作為研究範圍，檢證下列的研究問題：雖然我國政府是由公平競爭的選舉機制產生，但是否因「半總統制」形成我國「憲法總統化」的緣故，進而導致有利於總統提升自身的權力資源與自主空間，出現箝制公民自由與政治權利的「不自由的民主」現象，這就是本文想要深入探索的問題。

Since M. Duverger proposed the concept of ''semi-presidentialism,'' which differs from presidential and parliamentary systems, it has sparked great interest and discussion in the field of political science. After the constitutional amendment in 1997, our country officially transitioned from a modified parliamentary system to a semi-presidential system, moving towards a path of ''constitutional presidentialization.'' However, the contemporary world is facing unprecedented challenges, with many emerging or established democratic nations at risk of democratic setbacks. The concept of ''illiberal democracy'' discussed by F. Zakaria has undoubtedly served as a wake-up call, as an increasing number of democratic countries are showing signs of encroachment on individual freedoms and democratic principles.
In January 2021, the Yazhou Zhoukan (Asia Weekly) magazine labeled our country as a ''democratically elected autocracy'' and considered President Tsai Ing-wen as a leader of a new authoritarianism, which aligns with the concept of ''illiberal democracy'' mentioned earlier. Therefore, this paper will focus on the years of President Tsai's governance (2016-2022) to study the following research question: Although our government is produced through a fair and competitive electoral process, is the phenomenon of ''constitutional presidentialization'' resulting from our ''semi-presidential system'' leading to the restriction of citizen freedoms and political rights, characteristic of a ''illiberal democracy''? This is the issue that this paper intends to delve into.