擺盪在共和主義與自由主義之間：孟德斯鳩的法治觀點

Montesquieu's View on the Rule of Law: Swinging Between Republicanism and Liberalism

孟德斯鳩向為各國學者奉為權力分立原則集大成者，最大的理論貢獻是，將憲政權力區分為行政權、立法權及司法權，並且強調三權要交給不同的憲政機關分立掌握，才能避免權力集中而侵害公民的政治自由，在運作上，一方面權力之間彼此互相制衡，另方面互相合作推動政策。然而，這樣的論述，並不能全面性了解孟氏的法學觀點，因之，本文詳細參閱孟氏三本最著名的著作：「波斯人信扎或波斯書簡」、「羅馬盛衰原因論」、「論法的精神」，試圖精要地說明孟氏的整體法學架構。其認為「法」的出現，是人類對做生物的一種「感知」，進而建立自然法，緊接地，當人類脫離自然狀態進入國家狀態後，人民之間越來越多的互動，需要實證法給予規範。其不贊同法律純然是人類意識世界的產物，而受到物質世界的影響，像是國家所處的不同內外在環境就有不同的法律；孟氏思考最優秀政權的形式，提出了民主共和國、貴族共和國、君主國及專制國等四種政權。辨證最優秀政權引導了他在政治與法律上思考走向，並且提出其最核心的觀點是「對抗腐化」。其次，孟氏心儀古典共和主義的理想，強調公民政治自由與落實公益，不過，其生存的時代已逐漸萌生工商業活動為主的早期資本主義，看重私人追求私利，兩者產生衝突；面對其時代轉換，孟氏一方面援引英國與荷蘭的新式工商業共和主義，認定誠信可做為平衡公益與私利的品德，另方面建立權力分立制度，分散權力給不同人掌握，保護公民政治自由不受到損害。

It is usual to present Montesquieu's theory as we highlight only the separation of powers which means constitutional power divides into three sectors consisted of legislative branch, executive branch and judicial branch. The separation of powers prevents civil rights from governor's invasion. In fact, his perspective of law is broader than that we illustrate well. Montesquieu considered the origin of law coming from human perception that makes natural law, humans, leaved natural situation, then set up nation and positive law. Law involves not only consciousness but also material world. The political institution is accompanied by internal and external environment factors. What is deemed the best regime? He presented four forms: democratic republic, autocratic republic, monarchy and despotism. The pivotal concept is against corruption. He preferred classic republicanism in light of civil liberty and public interests, however early capitalism arose and encouraged to realize private interests, that is conflict without doubt. On the one hand, Montesquieu emphasized that British and Dutch neo commercial and industrial republicanism that demands the integrity reducing conflict between public interests and private ones, on the other hand he created the separation of powers protected civil liberty from national violation.