美國的域外管轄權：歷史原點制度演進與法理邏輯

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the United States: Historical Origin, Institutional Evolution and Jurisprudential Logic

美國的域外管轄權實踐緣起於美國建國初期與歐洲列強之間圍繞列強在美國領土上的域外管轄權主張或與美國相關的域外管轄權主張而引發的外交爭議。鑒於美國當時的弱勢地位，馬歇爾大法官提出Charming Betsy原則，主張對美國法律的解釋不得違反國際法，通過對美國管轄權範圍的謙抑解釋，巧妙化解了與歐洲列強的管轄權爭執。進入19世紀，以Charming Betsy原則為基礎，斯托雷法官在阿波羅案中提出管轄權的嚴格屬地性原則，這一原則的影響一直延續至20世紀初。進入20世紀，以1909年香蕉公司案為契機，美國雖仍堅持聯邦法的反域外適用推定，但反域外適用推定的法理基礎卻由對國際法的遵守變為國際禮讓，這一改變展現了美國域外管轄權實踐兩百年歷史演進的法理邏輯，即從實力弱小時主張域外管轄權系由國際法授予而到實力強大時主張域外管轄權乃一國之天然主權權力。

The practice of extraterritorial jurisdiction of the United States originated from diplomatic disputes between the United States and the European powers over the claim of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the territory of the Unites States of America in the early days of the founding of the country. In terms of the weak position of the United States at that time, Justice Marshall put forward the Charming Betsy principle, arguing that the interpretation of U.S. law should not violate international law. Through a humble interpretation of the jurisdiction of the United States, it skillfully resolved the jurisdiction disputes with European powers. In the 19th century, based on the Charming Betsy principle, Justice Story proposed the principle of strict territoriality of jurisdiction in the Apollo case, the effect of which lasted until the early 20th century. In the 20th century, taking the 1909 Banana Company case as an opportunity, although the United States still adheres to the presumption of anti-extraterritorial application of federal law, the basis of the presumption of anti-extraterritorial application has changed from compliance with international law to international comity. This change also shows the jurisprudential logic of the 200-year history of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the United States, that is, from claiming that extraterritorial jurisdiction was granted by international law to proposing that extraterritorial jurisdiction was the natural sovereign power of a state when the United States was changing from a weaker to a stronger position.