國際法強制性規範的識別問題研究

Research on the Identification of Peremptory Norms of International Law

1969年《維也納條約法公約》的“姐妹條款”宣告了國際法中存在強制性規範，但此種規範的識別仍是一個未解難題。就國際法強制性規範的識別理論而言，主要存在著法律理想主義和法律實證主義的分歧，這可能導致識別結果的不可預期性和投機性。國際法強制性規範不僅是學術研究的興趣點，也逐漸成為司法裁決的依據。在此背景下，國際法委員會將國際法強制性規範的編纂列入工作議程，並在其二讀通過的結論草案中，最終為國際法強制性規範的識別確立了“累加雙要素”標準。這種以“累加雙要素”為基礎的識別標準同樣存在不足，特別是具有方法論缺陷、識別機構不明確等缺點，同時也體現了國際法的危機模式，需要予以重視。

The existence of peremptory norms in international law is proclaimed by the“sister clause”of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969), but their identification remains an unsolved problem. As far as the theory of identification of peremptory norms of international law is concerned, there is mainly a divergence between legal idealism and legal positivism, and it may lead to unpredictable and speculative results of identification. Peremptory norms are not only a point of interest for academic research, but also gradually becoming the basis for decisions by domestic and international judicial authorities. Against this background, the International Law Commission has placed the codification of peremptory norms on its agenda and, in its draft conclusions adopted on second reading, has finally established the criterion of a“cumulative two-factor”approach to the identification of peremptory norms. This“cumulative two-factor”identification criterion also has shortcomings that require attention, in particular methodological shortcomings, lack of clarity as to the identifying authority and the fact that it reflects the crisis patterns of international law.