聯合國經濟制裁人道主義豁免的美國“製造”與“續造”

The United States“Making”and“Remaking”of Humanitarian Exemption in the United Nations Economic Sanctions

聯合國安理會第2664號決議就資產凍結制裁規定了統一的人道主義豁免規則，增強了人道主義豁免的標準化和常設性。聯合國人道主義豁免規則極有可能影響美國設計本國人道主義豁免機制，因此美國積極提出安理會第2664號決議草案，主導該決議的“製造”，並將本國政策實踐滲入該決議內容，推動本國人道主義豁免規則國際化。而安理會第2664號決議用語的模糊性為各國在執行層面的自由裁量留下空間，美國通過對該決議的解釋、執行和內化，持續對聯合國人道主義豁免規則進行“續造”，這將塑造國際社會關於人道主義豁免的互動。對此，中國應繼續堅持真正的多邊主義，積極參與聯合國安理會關於人道主義豁免的造法進程，完善本國執行聯合國安理會制裁決議的機制，推動從根源上減少經濟制裁對人道民生的負面影響。

The Security Council Resolution 2664 establishes uniform rules on humanitarian exemption in the United Nations asset freeze sanctions, improving the standardization and permanence of humanitarian exemption. As the United Nations rules on humanitarian exemption are likely to influence the design of the United States humanitarian exemption mechanism, the United States has been actively sponsoring the draft resolution, taking the lead in the“making”of Resolution 2664, infusing its own policy and practice into the content of this resolution, and promoting the internationalization of its own rules on humanitarian exemption. The ambiguity of the terms of Resolution 2664 leaves room for the discretionary power of Member States at the implementation level. By interpreting, implementing and internalizing the resolution, the United States continues to“remake”the United Nations rules on humanitarian exemption, which will shape the international community’s interaction on humanitarian exemption. In this regard, China should continue to adhere to true multilateralism, actively participate in the Security Council’s law-making process on humanitarian exemption, improve its own mechanism for the implementation of the Security Council sanction resolutions, and promote the reduction of the negative impact of economic sanctions on humanitarianism and livelihood at source.