“古今一線牽”的近代中國司法改革──以民國時期四次全國司法會議為中心

為集思廣益解決司法改革中的困難與爭議，民國時期中央政府先後召集了四次全國性司法會議。將這四次會議記錄作為一個連續的整體進行系統研讀，可梳理出一些“古今一線牽”的司法現代化問題。其一，是人財物問題，包括統一司法官任命權、統一司法經費、司法官待遇與司法輔助人員職業前景問題。其二，是刑訊與濫押之“頑疾”及其整治。其三，是檢察機關的地位與權限之爭，也即中國檢察制度的創新與制度自信問題。其四，是司法改革的再改革，包括最高法院分院(分庭)的廢與設、司法官制服的西化及其爭議、司法官任職籍貫回避規定的實施與廢止。上述問題有部分在今天已經得到比較好的解決，但還有一部分至今仍是司法改革的重點和難點。從歷史的視角看，深化司法改革永遠是進行時。

To address the challenges and controversies in judicial reform, the central government of the Republic of China convened four national judicial conferences. A systematic study of these conference records, viewed as a continuous whole, reveals several“ancient and modern connected by a thread”issues in judicial modernization. First is the issue of resources, including the unification of judicial appointment authority, judicial funding, judicial officials􀆳remuneration, and career prospects for judicial support staff. Second is the“chronic problem”of torture and arbitrary detention and their rectification. Third is the debate over the status and authority of prosecutorial agencies, reflecting innovation and confidence in China􀆳s prosecution system. Fourth is the reform of judicial reform itself, such as the establishment and abolition of branches of the Supreme Court, the westernization and controversies surrounding judicial uniforms, and the implementation and repeal of residency-based appointment restrictions for judicial officials. Some of these issues have been relatively well-resolved today, but many remain key challenges in ongoing judicial reform. From a historical perspective, deepening judicial reform is always a work in progress.