論數據治理的使用權範式

在數據治理現代化快速演進之際，“使用權範式”在諸多數據治理範式中脫穎而出，標誌著數據治理理念的深刻轉變。數據治理的使用權範式是近現代以來“從所有到使用”的發展趨勢在數字時代的表現，其以“數據使用權”為基石範疇，以數據本質特徵和數字經濟基本規律為理解系統，以數據使用權的合理分配與流通利用為方法論指引，並以促進數據共享與利用為價值導向，旨在實現“數據資源”的最大化利用。使用權範式對數據基礎制度的規範建構具有方法論意義，提供了跨領域和跨階段的統一治理框架，這不僅有助於避免數據所有權模式極化可能引發的“反公地悲劇”風險，還能防止“場景理論”與“階段理論”導致的治理碎片化，同時有助於促進數據基礎制度的內部協調。故應當以使用權為中心構建數據基礎制度，包括確定數據使用權的法律地位、完善數據流通機制、建立平衡收益分配制度、加強數據安全治理，以推動構建高效、公正、安全的數據治理體系。

Amid the rapid evolution of modern data governance, the“use rights paradigm”has emerged as a standout among various data governance frameworks, marking a profound shift in governance philosophy. Rooted in the historical trend of shifting focus“from ownership to use,”this paradigm emphasizes“data use rights”as its foundational concept. It draws on the intrinsic characteristics of data and the fundamental principles of the digital economy to construct an understanding system, guided by the methodological principles of rational allocation, circulation, and utilization of data usage rights, with the ultimate goal of maximizing the utilization of“data resources”by promoting data sharing and use. This paradigm offers methodological significance for the normative construction of foundational data governance systems, providing a unified governance framework that spans different domains and stages. It helps to avoid the risks of a“tragedy of the anti-commons”potentially triggered by polarized ownership models, while also mitigating governance fragmentation caused by“scenario-based”or“stage-based”theories. Furthermore, it enhances internal coherence within foundational data governance frameworks. Therefore, data governance should center on use rights, including establishing the legal status of data use rights, improving mechanisms for data circulation, instituting balanced benefit-sharing systems, and strengthening data security governance, ultimately fostering an efficient, equitable, and secure data governance system.