數據產權分置下反壟斷規則調適與制度構建

數據產權分置下，對數據控制者賦權可能會使超大型數字平臺進一步壟斷數據，對數據利用者簡單賦權可能會導致數據流通利用難以實現。數據壟斷的應對應以生產和流通為框架，在數據控制權配置和數據利用權配置的基礎上分別進行，以統籌數據有序流通的秩序目標和效率目標。數據生產環節，應強制數據控制權主體開放必需數據，拒絕開放必需數據的競爭損害評估主要圍繞橫向封鎖、縱向封鎖、創新阻塞三個維度，綜合考量作為競爭維度的個人信息與隱私保護、以及作為動態效率來源的創新和投資激勵這兩個抗辯理由的正當性;數據流通環節，應以“資源—集合—產品”的立體化思維，將數據法人化，賦予數據集人格，構建數據法人制度，促進數字市場競爭，提高消費者福利。強制開放必需數據和構建數據法人制度時，應謹慎設置使用條件，防止規則或制度過度適用造成負面效果。

Under the framework of layered data ownership, granting too much power to data controllers may further monopolize data by super digital platforms, while simply empowering data users may hinder the realization of data circulation and utilization. The response to data monopolies should be structured around the framework of production and circulation, with a focus on separately allocating data control rights and data utilization rights to balance the dual objectives of orderly data circulation and efficiency. In the data production phase, data controllers should be required to open access to essential data. The assessment of competitive harm caused by refusing to open essential data should focus on three dimensions: horizontal foreclosure, vertical foreclosure, and innovation blockage. This should involve a comprehensive evaluation of the legitimacy of two counterarguments: personal information and privacy protection as a competition dimension, and the incentives of innovation and investment as the sources of dynamic efficiency. In the data circulation phase, a“resource-collection-product”holistic approach should be adopted, with the legal personhood of data established, granting data sets a legal personality to construct a data legal entity system. This would promote competition in digital markets and improve consumer welfare. When mandating access to essential data and constructing a data legal entity system, careful conditions for use must be set up to avoid negative effects caused by over-application of the rules or system.