機器中的作者與創作：從攝影技術到生成式人工智能

人工智能生成內容的可版權性和歸屬，本質上是如何在機器創作中尋找作者和評估人的智力活動。規範意義上，作者的活動是一種與機器相分離的人類的智力活動，創作行為是由詳細的構思與受控的執行兩部分組成。在機器創作中，智力活動的評估對象是體現人類構思的內在表達，而不是機器執行所生成的外在表達，獨創性的判斷只能基於作品產生的方式，而不是機器產品的外觀。作者是構思作品並控制其執行的人。對AI創作的分析應該首先剝離機器的部分和AI的貢獻，隨後判斷人類的角色是否符合構思與執行的要求，即內容生成的準備階段是否存在足夠詳細的創作計劃，內中的選擇能否滿足獨創性的要求，以及人類對AI的執行是否具備控制力。AI生成內容的作者身份可能是AI設計者、使用者，或是沒有作者，這需要在個案中，結合AI程序的特徵、設計者和使用者各自的活動類型，並根據AI作品中關鍵的表達性元素，進行類型化分析。

The copyrightability and ownership of AI-generated content fundamentally revolve around identifying the author in machine-generated creations and evaluating human intellectual activity. In a normative sense, the author’s activity is a kind of human intellectual activity separated from the machine. The normative concept of an author refers to human intellectual activity that is distinct from machines. The act of creation consists of two parts: detailed conception and controlled execution. In machine-generated works, the focus of intellectual activity assessment is the internal expression of human conception, not the external expression generated by the machine’s execution. Originality is judged based on the method of creation, rather than the appearance of the machine’s product. The author is the person who conceives the work and controls its execution. In analyzing AI-generated works, we should first separate the machine’s role and AI’s contribution, and then determine whether the human role meets the requirements of conception and execution. This involves evaluating whether there was a sufficiently detailed creative plan during the preparatory stage of content generation, whether the choices made satisfy the originality requirement, and whether the human had control over the AI’s execution. The author of AI-generated content could be the AI designer, the user, or there could be no author at all. This determination requires a case-by-case analysis, taking into account the characteristics of the AI program, the respective activities of the designer and user, and conducting a typological analysis of the key expressive elements in the AI-generated work.