戰時軍事審判制度之研究──與美國法之比較

A Study on the Court-Martial at War Time: A Comparison with the American Law

我國憲法第9條規定：「人民除現役軍人外，不受軍事審判。」與釋字第436號解釋：「至軍事審判之建制，憲法未設明文規定，雖得以法律定之，惟軍事審判機關所行使者，亦屬國家刑罰權之一種，其發動與運作，必須符合正當法律程序之最低要求，包括獨立、公正之審判機關與程序，並不得違背憲法第七十七條、第八十條等有關司法權建制之憲政原理；規定軍事審判程序之法律涉及軍人權利之限制者，亦應遵守憲法第二十三條之比例原則。」均肯認軍事審判制度，刑事訴訟法與軍事審判法乃將犯罪追訴與處罰區分為二。因依2013年修正之軍事審判法第1條第1項：「現役軍人戰時犯陸海空軍刑法或其特別法之罪，依本法追訴、處罰。」規定，非戰時之軍人犯罪，已改由一般司法機關處理；惟現行軍事審判法之戰時軍事審判制度是否妥適？卻沒有受到重視。本文自美國軍事審判制度之角度，對現行法制進行檢討，並提出修法之建議。

While both Article 9 of the ROC Constitution, providing that:“Except those in active military service, no person shall be subject to trial by a military tribunal,”and Judicial Interpretation No. 436 of the Grand Judicial Council, holding that:“The laws governing the procedure of a military trial which limit the rights of active-duty soldiers shall be in compliance with the principle of proportionality as stated in Article 23 of the ROC Constitution. In light of the spirit of protecting physical freedom and the right of instituting legal proceedings and the provision of Article 77, the defendant receiving the sentence of imprisonment in a final and conclusive judgment made by the military tribunal in peacetime shall be permitted to appeal directly to a normal court on the ground that the judgment received is in violation of the law,”recognize the court-martial system, the Criminal Procedure Code and the Military Justice Act divide the criminal justice system into two parts. In 2013, after the Congress revised Paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Military Justice Act, providing that:“Any military personnel on active duty who commits crimes of Criminal Code of the Armed Forces or special codes concerned shall be subject to prosecution and punishment under these codes at war time,”there is only one criminal justice system at peace time. However, whether the war-time justice system is appropriate receives little attention. This study reviews the current provisions of the Military Justice Act and proposes suggestions for further consideration with viewpoints from the American military justice system.