法國軍事審判制度與發展

The System and Development of French Military Justice

自1982年法國軍事司法法典改革以來，已歷經四十多年。1982年修法時，廢止了和平時期的常設軍事法院，使軍事審判之程序走向一般化。其軍事審判體系區分平時與戰時而適用不同之審判組織與程序，此項區分方式，與我國現行體制相似。不同的是，在戰時的軍事審判體系當中，法國在法院組織上，具有軍事背景之軍事法官參與審判。軍事法官之參與，依其專業背景，得可以較一般司法體系之法官更加理解駐外軍隊之運作、戰時之背景與軍隊紀律需求等情況，可增加判決的專業與妥適性，值得我國參考。在和平時期，依照法國現行體制，軍事事件之審理，係基於刑事訴訟法典之基礎，由普通法院之特別法庭審理。目前專門負責審理軍事事務的普通法院共有九個，其中巴黎的法院較大管轄權，審理在法國境外或外國作戰期間發生的違法行為。

Since the reform of the French Code of Military Justice in 1982, more than forty years have passed. The 1982 amendment abolished the permanent military courts in peacetime, thereby steering military trial procedures toward normalization. The French system of military justice distinguishes between peacetime and wartime, applying different judicial bodies and procedures depending on the situation—a distinction similar to the current system in Taiwan. The difference, however, lies in the wartime military justice system: in France, military judges with a military background participate in the adjudication. Given their professional experience, such judges can better understand the operations of deployed forces abroad, the wartime context, and the needs of military discipline, thereby enhancing the professionalism and appropriateness of judgments—an approach worth Taiwan’s consideration. In peacetime, under the current French system, the adjudication of military cases is conducted on the basis of the Code of Criminal Procedure, handled by special chambers within ordinary courts. At present, there are nine ordinary courts with dedicated jurisdiction over military matters. Among them, the Paris court has broader authority, being responsible for cases involving unlawful acts committed abroad or during overseas military operations.