中日對比視角下「同性愛」概念的誕生與流變

A Comparative Study of the Emergence and Evolution of“Same-Sex Love”in China and Japan

19世紀末開始，西方性學知識傳入日本，並且在20世紀初經由日本傳入中國。本文全面考察了「同性愛」這一概念在日本和中國的誕生及其流變過程，填補民國同性愛歷史研究中一直被忽略的中日比較視角。
在日本，以1911年女學生殉情事件為契機，當時的報紙與雜誌開始使用「同性愛」一詞指代女學生之間的親密關係。此時也正是近代日本西方性學大量翻譯出版的時期。「同性愛」一詞合併了性學中所翻譯的「同性色情」、「同性性欲」等概念，用來指代對同性產生性欲望的「異常性欲」。1910年代，日文「同性愛」一詞傳入中國，與這一概念一同進入中國的，是知識分子對女學生親密關係的聚焦，以及對男女自由戀愛的呼籲。20世紀20年代是性學知識建構過程中的重要過渡時期。從西方性學的譯介與知識分子的討論中可以看出，中日歷史語境下的「同性愛」概念與西方有所不同。在概念誕生之初，知識分子關注的重點並非男性同性關係，而是女學生與新女性之間的親密關係，並將其視為社會問題之所在。
同時期，愛德華‧卡本特（Edward Carpenter, 1844-1929）的理論傳入中國，日文和英文的雙重來源使得卡本特思想在傳入中國的過程中融入了不同的文化解讀與詮釋。在中國男性知識分子主導的討論下，「同性愛」概念逐漸去性別化，並在左翼思想的影響下，被重新形塑為政治連帶之情。

At the close of the 19th century, Western sexological theories were introduced to Japan, and by the early 20th century, these ideas were transmitted from Japan to China. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the emergence and evolution of the concept of dōseiai同性愛（same-sex love）in both Japan and China, addressing a gap in the historical study of same-sex love in early 20th-century China. By adopting a Sino-Japanese comparative approach, this study sheds light on a previously overlooked aspect of the discourse.
In Japan, the 1911 suicide of a female student became a pivotal moment in the cultural shift surrounding same-sex relationships, leading to the use of dōseiai in print media to describe intimate relationships between female students. This period also saw an extensive translation and publication of Western sexological texts, dōseiai was gradually associated with terms such as dōsei shikijyō同性色情（same sex pornography）and dōsei seiyoku同性性欲（same-sex sexual desire）, concepts borrowed fromsaid writings, thereby being linked with“abnormal sexual desire”.
In China, during the 1910s, the Japanese term dōseiai was introduced as tongxing’ai同性愛, with a particular focus on relationships between female students and calls for the advocacy of free love between men and women. The 1920s became a crucial transitional period in the process of constructing sexological knowledge. Through the translation of Western sexology and the discussions by intellectuals, it is evident that the concept of“homosexuality”in the Sino-Japanese context differed from its Western interpretation. Initially, the focus was not on male same-sex relationships, but rather on the intimate relationships between female students and new women, which were regarded as social issues.
At the same time, the theories of Edward Carpenter (1844–1929) were introduced into China, where the dual sources of Japanese and English translations contributed to the blending of different cultural interpretations and understandings of Carpenter’s thought. Under the leadership of male intellectuals in China, the concept of“homosexuality”gradually underwent a process of degenderization, and receiving the influence of leftist thought, it was reshaped into a solidarity-based political sentiment.