元祐以後的程氏門人與同道：從世家子弟、新興士人到白衣學子

A Study on the Academic Network of Cheng Yi’s Last Years: Elites, Emerging Scholar-officials, and Civilian Disciples

本文擬分析自元祐元年（1086）到大觀元年（1107）程頤過世為止，程氏門人及學術同道的組成及群體特質。元祐以前，二程門人主要為出身北方，歷代通婚的官宦子弟，在元祐以後，他們依然是構成程門的主要群體之一。元祐末到紹聖年間，以太學生為主的南方學子大量出現，他們多是這一代才具有太學生或進士身分，但家族較具規模，也有較多經濟上的支援得以從學。元符三年（1100）以後，出身北方的白衣平民學子開始出現，他們是與二程家族沒有淵源的一群，為學重心也更偏重於心性與個人修養之學。這三個群體在政局動盪中，都展現了寧願捨棄官位、受黨禍牽連也要堅守師門的記載，這固然表現出程門弟子的心志堅定，也顯示了洛學不僅是流傳在士大夫階層之間，也為平民出身、無意干祿的士人所擁抱、接受。
以往程氏門人研究，大半集中在學術明星如楊時、胡安國等人身上，以討論各家的學術異同流變為重心。又或是以新舊黨爭的角度出發，間或論及洛學門人遭遇。本文將分析不同洛學門人群體出現的時點和群體特質，是有別於過去研究之處。

This essay examines the composition and characteristics of the disciples and colleagues of Cheng Yi (1033-1107) and his brother Cheng Hao (1032- 1085). Particular attention is paid to the years between the start of the Yuanyou period (1086) and the start of the Daguan period (1107), when Cheng Yi passed away. Prior to the Yuanyou period, the disciples of the two Chengs were predominantly northern-born offspring of intermarried officials and aristocrats. Even after the onset of the Yuanyou period, this group continued to constitute a significant portion of Cheng Yi’s followers. However, from the later Yuanyou years to the Shaosheng period (1094-1098), there was a marked influx of students from the Imperial Academy, as well as of scholars from the southern regions. This new wave of Cheng followers, many of whom were Imperial Academy students or successful candidates in the imperial examination, benefited from extensive family networks and substantial economic support, which enabled their scholarly pursuits.
After the year 1100, commoners from the northern regions began to appear among Cheng Yi’s disciples. This group, lacking familial or social ties to the Cheng Brothers, tended to focus on the study of mind-nature and personal self-cultivation. Amidst political upheavals, members of all three groups demonstrated a willingness to relinquish official positions and endure political persecution in order to remain steadfast in their allegiance to their mentors. This not only attests to the unwavering determination of the disciples of the Cheng brothers but also indicates that the teachings of the Luoyang school were not confined to the scholarly elite; they were embraced as well by commoners who had no intention of entering government service.
Previous scholarship on Cheng Yi’s disciples has tended to focus on prominent figures such as Yang Shi (1053-1135), Hu Anguo (1074-1138), and others, often analyzing the evolution of their academic thought. Occasionally, such studies approach the subject through the lens of factional conflict between the xindang (reform faction) and the jiudang (anti-reform faction), discussing the experiences of Luoyang school disciples. By analyzing the chronology and social characteristics of different groups of Luoyang school disciples, this paper provides a perspective not emphasized in previous research.