南朝僑姓士族的沒落──以侯景之亂為中心之考察

The Decline of the Noble Chiao People during the Southern Dynasties: An Examination Centered on the Hou Jing Disturbance

西晉永嘉之亂（311），中原士族南渡江左，建立東晉政權（318），歷南朝宋、齊、梁，僑姓士族把持政權二百多年，到梁末侯景之亂（548），僑姓士族遭受嚴厲的打擊而衰落了，繼起的陳政權以吳人寒門武將為核心，誠為一大變局。歷來討論僑姓士族的衰落，多著墨於當時士族內在積弱不振的因素，或籠統敘述在整個大動亂之後僑姓士族的衰落，對於僑姓士族遭受到打擊的細節，卻鮮少有具體詳實的考察，本文即希望能對此做一補白。
梁武帝太清二年（548）八月，侯景從壽陽舉兵，直攻入京城建康，圍困臺城，城陷之後梁武帝被餓死，繼位的簡文帝成為侯景的傀儡。後來侯景篡位稱帝（551），但不久就被荊州刺史湘東王蕭繹的聯盟軍討平（552）。狹義的侯景之亂到此結束，歷時約三年半。不過，江南的動亂並未就此平息，蕭氏宗室還繼續進行帝位爭奪戰。嗣後再經湘東王蕭繹在江陵即位、西魏攻佔益州、西魏攻滅江陵的江陵之變（554）、陳霸先突襲王僧辯，直到陳霸先篡梁建陳（557），江南的動亂才逐漸平息下來。廣義的侯景之亂，可包括至此，前後近十年。
雖然史籍殘闕，本文仍盡力蒐集零碎史料，參考學界最新研究成果，試圖從考察侯景之亂中士族遭受到的殘害，重建南朝僑姓士族沒落的這段關鍵性歷史細節。要而言之，從侯景起兵到攻陷臺城，當時聚居京師建康的僑姓士族「覆滅略盡」，其中少部分是戰歿，大部分則是死於疾疫與饑饉。倖存的士族除「附逆」侯景者外，僑姓士族多西逃投靠鎮守荊州的湘東王蕭繹，吳姓士族則東逃三吳鄉里觀望。侯景被平之後，很多倖存的僑吳士族被徵往江陵。不料，隨後的江陵之變，聚居江陵的士族幾乎又被俘虜到關中，其中大多是僑姓士族。另外，在整個大動亂之中，江北、漢東、巴蜀等廣大地域淪沒東魏北齊與西魏北周，其中許多士族也隨之淪沒異國。最後，多次劫後餘生的士族出仕於陳朝。陳政權以吳人寒門武將為核心，再拉攏僑吳士族，不過僑姓士族已衰落，其勢力已大不如前而逐漸退出歷史舞臺。

The Yongjia Disorder (yongjia zhi luan,永嘉之亂) during the Western Jin dynasty led to the migration of the Noble Families (Shizu,士族) from the Central Plains to Jiangzuo region, located south of the Yangtze River. Among these families, the Chiao clan established the Eastern Jin regime (318) and maintained influence for over 200 years during the Southern dynasties of Song, Qi, and Liang. However, by the end of the Liang dynasty, during the Hou Jing disturbance (548), the Chiao clan suffered severe setbacks and entered a period of decline. The subsequent Chen regime, dominated by military leaders of humble origins from Wu, marked a significant change.
Scholarly discussions on the Chiao family’s decline have typically focused on internal factors weakening the Noble Families or have provided broad descriptions of their downfall following this period of upheaval. However, little detailed attention has been given to the specific impacts on the Chiao family. Despite the fragmentary nature of the historical record, this article attempts to reconstruct this crucial episode in the Chiao family’s decline by examining the damage they suffered during the Hou Jing disturbance, drawing on scattered historical materials and the recent academic research.
In summary, from Hou Jing’s uprising to the fall of Taicheng, the Chiao family, concentrated in the capital Jiankang, was“almost completely destroyed.”A small portion perished in battle, but most died from disease and famine. Among the survivors, aside from those who“submitted to the rebel”Hou Jing, the majority fled west to seek refuge with Xiao Yi, Prince of Xiangdong, who was stationed in Jingzhou. The noble Wu people fled east to their hometown in the Sanwu area to wait and see. After Hou Jing was defeated, many surviving members of the Chiao and Wu clans were summoned to Jiangling. Unexpectedly, during the subsequent Incident of Jiangling, almost all the Noble Families in Jiangling were captured and taken to the Guanzhong area, with the vast majority of these captives being from the Chiao family. Additionally, during the entire upheaval, vast areas including Jiangbei, to the north of the Yangtze River, Handong, to the east of the Han River, and Bashu fell to the Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Western Wei, and Northern Zhou, with many Noble Families falling under foreign domination. Ultimately, the remnants of the Chiao family, having survived multiple calamities, entered service in the Chen dynasty. However, as the Chen regime was centered around military leaders of humble origins of the Wu People, the influence of the Chiao family was greatly diminished, and they gradually faded from the historical stage.