在線訴訟舉證轉化件的原理及規則建構論

數字時代在線訴訟勃興，為先行國家推進證據規則的引領性建設提供了新的可能。在線訴訟的實踐表明，傳統證據普遍以電子化材料呈現，電子證據通常以複轉化材料遞交，二者共同促成了跨越物理與數字空間的“雙軌性”融合應用。相應的規則建構亟需遵循在線訴訟舉證轉化件原理，即證據資格既取決於源證據本身，也取決於舉證轉化過程是否造成實質性影響。該原理在繼承既有轉化件理論基礎上進一步深化，要求在線訴訟中首先依據線上疊加因素進行等同性判斷，再回歸線下形式審查源證據資格，從而確立以在線舉證轉化件的附加性規則為立規重心。基於此，我國應當調整關於電子化書證、物證“視同原件、原物”的現行規則，增補當事人、證人線上作證中的隔離、妨礙及境外作證規定，細化電子證據複轉化應用的專門性規則，以實現在線訴訟舉證規則的精細化創新。

The rise of online litigation in the digital age presents new opportunities for pioneering jurisdictions to take the lead in developing forward-looking rules of evidence. In practice, online litigation reveals a pattern in which traditional evidence is predominantly submitted in electronic form, while electronic evidence itself is often presented through re-transformed materials. Together, these trends have fostered a dual-track integration that bridges the physical and digital realms. This phenomenon reflects a unique pattern of“dual-track”and“dual-formation,”necessitating a rule-making approach grounded in the principle of transformed evidentiary submission: the admissibility of evidence depends not only on the original source material but also on whether the process of digital transformation produces any material impact. This principle builds upon existing theories of evidentiary transformation and further advances them by requiring a two-step analysis: first, an assessment of the equivalency based on online-specific factors, and then a return to the offline evaluation of the original evidence's formal validity. Consequently, the focus of rulemaking should shift toward the additive rules governing transformed submissions in online contexts. In light of this, China should revise its current rules that treat electronic documentary and physical evidence as equivalent to originals, introduce new provisions addressing remote testimony—particularly with respect to isolation, obstruction, and cross-border participation—and refine specialized rules on the re-transformation of digital evidence, thereby promoting precise and innovative development of evidentiary rules for online litigation.