出口的異質性與貿易中間商的使用

Heterogeneity in Export Content and the Use of Trade Intermediaries

採用一個大型的中國廠商與海關合併之追蹤資料，本文探討出口組成與內容（出口異質性）與間接出口份額的關聯。我們首先檢驗廠商在純粹間接出口與非間接出口選擇的生產力區分型態。理論文獻預期的出口模式選擇的生產力區分型態，亦即低生產力出口商採用貿易中間商出口，在本研究中獲得驗證；所有權結構在出口模式的選擇中亦扮演關鍵的角色。其次，本研究使用非純粹間接出口廠商來估計間接出口份額的決定因素，因為純粹間接出口商的詳細出口資訊無法取得。估計結果顯示出口異質性影響間接出口份額:加工出口與出口至先進國家比例較高的出口商呈現出較低的間接出口份額；以出口目的國與產品數衡量的出口多樣化，以及出口的單價與間接出口份額呈現負向的關聯。一系列的頑強性檢定均支持以上的發現，然而出口單價與間接出口份額的負向關聯性，在純粹直接出口商，以及混合模式、單一產品的出口商較為顯著。

Using a large firm-customs matched panel data set from China, this study investigates how export composition and content (export heterogeneity) relate to indirect exporting share. We first examine the effect of productivity sorting patterns on the choice between pure indirect exporting and non-indirect exporting. The productivity sorting effect of export mode choice, that low productivity exporters adopted trade intermediaries, as predicted in the theoretical literature, is verified. Ownership structure also plays a critical role in the choice of export modes. Then the estimation of the determinants of indirect exporting share is implemented using only non-pure indirect exporters because pure indirect exporters’ detailed export information is unavailable. The estimation reveals that export heterogeneity affects indirect exporting share. Exporters with a larger proportion of process exports and exports to advanced countries exhibit a lower share of indirect exporting. Export diversification, in terms of destinations and products, and unit price of exports are also negatively related to indirect exporting share. A battery of robustness checks overall support these findings, while the negative association between unit price of exports and indirect exporting share seems to be more relevant to pure direct exporters and both-mode, single-product exporters.