以斯帖記中的哈曼形象與猶太大屠殺記憶

The Image of Haman in The Book of Esther and Jewish Holocaust Memories

二次世界大戰期間，以斯帖記作為離散書寫的典型重新成為猶太人理解大屠殺歷史經驗的重要路徑。在傳統中，該書卷敘述寄居於波斯帝國的猶太人在他鄉遭遇的生存危機，呈現出離散猶太人希望融入異國身份遭遇的挫敗及其離散生存固有的脆弱性。文本形塑的反猶者「哈曼」形象，在猶太人被迫害時期充當社群理解敵人的原型。大屠殺期間，猶太復國主義者哈辛以以斯帖記為藍本創作《希特勒書卷》，將「希特勒」視為「新哈曼」的形象。古典希伯來語中「記憶」兼具思想與行動之意涵，哈辛將大屠殺歷史事件融入到傳統聖經敘事的努力，是希望借此回應卡薩布蘭卡猶太社區經歷的大屠殺苦難。故事以盟軍戰勝「新哈曼」希特勒的統治與猶太人的勝利結束，體現出猶太人對生存奇跡的最終盼望與對上帝拯救猶太民族的堅信，體現出其獨有的理解離散經驗的思考方式。

During World War II, The Book of Esther as a typical diasporic writing became an important way for Jews to understand the Holocaust. Traditionally, this book describes the existential crisis encountered by Jews living in the foreign land of the Persian Empire, illustrating the frustrations faced by diasporic Jews in their desire to integrate into a foreign identity and inherent fragility of diasporic existence. The image of the anti-Semite“Haman”shaped by the text served as a prototype for the Jewish community to understand its enemy during periods of persecution. During the Holocaust, the Zionist Prosper Hassine created the text entitled Megillat Hitler, based on The Book of Esther, and regarded“Hitler”as the image of the“New Haman.”In classical Hebrew,“memory”means both thought and action. Hassine’s effort to integrate the historical events of the Holocaust into traditional biblical narratives aimed to respond to the suffering Jewish community in Casablanca. The narrative concludes with Allied powers defeating Hitler’s rule and the victory of the Jews, reflecting their ultimate hope for the miracle of survival and their belief in God’s salvation of the Jewish nation. It also reflects their unique way of understanding the diasporic experience.