宋朝書院盛行的原因及其與官方的互動關係研究

The reasons for the prevalence of academies in the Song Dynasty and their interaction with the officialdom

「書院」之名起於唐朝，由藏書處所轉而成為招生授課的地點。本篇首先探討宋朝書院大興的原因。然後探究宋朝書院與官方的種種互動關係。書院屢獲朝廷的賞賜，包含土地、書籍、匾額，甚至是封賞官職。書院的私立或公立屬性，存有變更的可能；這充分顯示民間辦學與官方擢材之間，關係密切，雙方各取所需，互蒙其利。
著名儒者、理學家是書院教學及思想的主要領航者，他們為書院建立學規，也將儒家思想的精華藉由書院教育發揚開來，除了鼓勵學子參加科舉考試之外，更強調學子不忘義利之辨，必須有志於修身養性。凡此努力，對於提升國民素質，推廣道德教育，淳化社會風俗，都有莫大的助益。因此，民間書院在文化教育工作方面，為官方默默地做了很大的貢獻。
在學風自由的背景下，書院的經營呈現「朝廷關聯式」、「家族文化式」、「地域文化式」等不同模式分頭發展。但由於許多理學大師皆擔任官職，以致三種模式的書院皆與朝廷科舉有著緊密的關連。然而，畢竟書院採行自由開放的學制，具有教學和研究相結合的功能，加上名師薈萃，重視文化交流，使書院變成綜合的教育研究組織和學術中心。大致上，書院此一特殊成就往往是僵化而狹窄的官學所無可比擬的；這是宋朝書院為學術界拓展出來的新天地，堪稱卓越的貢獻。

The name ''Academy'' originated from the Tang Dynasty, originally referring to an institution for collecting books, but later evolved into a place for admitting students to attend classes. This article first explores the reasons for the flourishing of academies in the Song Dynasty. Then explore the various interactive relationships between the academies of the Song Dynasty and the official court. Academies often receive rewards from the court, including land, books, plaques, and even official positions awarded to certain academy operators. There is a possibility of change in the private or public nature of academies; This fully demonstrates the close relationship between private education and official admission officials, with each party taking their own needs and benefiting each other.
The famous Confucians and Neo Confucianism in the Song Dynasty were the main leaders of the academy's teaching and thought. They established academic rules for the academy, and also carried forward the essence of Confucianism through the academy's education. In addition to encouraging students to participate in the imperial examination, they also emphasized that students should not forget the distinction between righteousness and benefit, and must be motivated to cultivate their moral integrity. All these efforts are of great help in improving the quality of the people, promoting moral education, and purifying social customs. Therefore, folk academies have silently made great contributions to the official cultural and educational work.
In the context of a free academic atmosphere, the management of academies has developed in different modes, such as ''court related'', ''family cultural'', and ''regional cultural color''. However, due to many masters of Neo Confucianism holding official positions, all three models of academies are closely related to the imperial examination system. However, after all, these academies adopt a free and open academic system, with a combination of teaching and research functions. Coupled with the gathering of renowned teachers and the emphasis on cultural exchange, these factors have made the academies a comprehensive educational research organization and academic center. Generally speaking, the above-mentioned special achievements of academies are often incomparable to rigid and narrow official schools; This is the Xintiandi that the Academy of Classical Learning in the Song Dynasty expanded for the academic community, and it can be called an outstanding contribution.