比較法視角下提單立法數字化變革與中國回應

Digitalization of Bill of Lading Legislation and China's Response from the Perspective of Comparative Law

區塊鏈及非同質通證技術使網絡空間數據具有排他性及唯一性特徵，實現了對紙質載體功能等同，為電子提單實現物權憑證功能提供信任基礎，真正實現了提單電子化。當前我國提單立法仍基於物理空間思維，屬於“技術特定”式立法，難以涵攝區塊鏈電子提單。近期，比較法上英國、美國、新加坡等發達國家均實現了提單立法數字化變革，肯定了電子提單的法律地位，並對提單法律行為，如占有、轉讓規則以及提單形式要求，如書面、簽名、背書等規則實現了數字化轉型。當前正值我國《海商法》修改之際，本文在借鑒比較法經驗及結合我國實際國情基礎上，對未來應從電子提單技術標準嚴格化、占有解釋擴大化以及形式要件表達數字化三個路徑推動我國提單立法數字化變革提供建議。

Blockchain and NFTs make cyberspace data exclusive and unique, achieve the same function as paper carriers, provide a trust basis for the electronic bill of lading to realize the property rights certificate function, and truly realize the electronic bill of lading. At present, China's bill of lading legislation is still based on physical space mind-set and is ''technology-specific'', which is difficult to accommodate the blockchain electronic bill of lading. Recently, in terms of comparative law, developed countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Singapore have implemented digital reforms in bill of lading legislation, affirmed the legal status of electronic bills of lading, and reformed digitally rules about the legal behavior of bills of lading, such as possession and transfer, and requirements for the form of bills of lading, such as rules for writing, signature, endorsement, etc. At the current China's Maritime Law is being revised, and the article, drawing on comparative law experience and China's actual national conditions, provides suggestions for the digitalization of China's bill of lading legislation from three paths: electronic bill of lading technical standards, digital interpretation of possession, and digital standard of formal requirements.