現代漢語時間副詞「始終」與「一直」之辨析與教學建議

An Analysis and Pedagogical Suggestions for the Adverbs of Time Shizhong and Yizhi in Modern Chinese

時間副詞「始終」與「一直」都有持續性含義，在語義、語法和語用方面具有相似特徵，在某些語境下可以相互替換，但在有些狀況下卻不行，造成學習與教學時的困擾。本研究以臺灣聯合知識庫《全文報紙資料庫》與中國大陸《中國數字報紙數據庫》之較長篇幅語料為來源，重新驗證文獻探討中具矛盾部分，並探究兩詞使用與教學規則。研究結果發現「始終」與「一直」都能用於表達過去與現在的持續狀態，「一直」明確能「指涉未來」且「始終」也是，但機率相對較低。在語法層面，「始終」和「一直」在主語或主題省略或作為主語之一部分時，形式上能出現在分句或整句之句首，修飾其後之動詞及名詞，具有篇章前後對比之凸顯效果，但出現比例極低。相較過往文獻之語料統計，兩詞前都有近半比例具備「包含時間或空間短語的先行語法結構」，顯示較長語料有助於更完整呈現「始終」與「一直」之使用語境。另外，「始終」有更高比例具有與篇章中其他成分構成「前後對比」意味，也更常用於「否定形式」及「書面語體」。本研究也發現，受語義、語法及篇章之綜合影響，「一直」較「始終」有更高比率在篇章或段落中重複使用。最後，基於本文研究結果，結合現有教材說法，提供適合實務教學情境之「始終」與「一直」華語教學的建議及範例。

This study analyzes the linguistic phenomena of the temporal adverbs shizhong and yizhi in modern Chinese discourse, using a larger corpus as its data source. Building on prior research, the study first clarifies the semantic similarities and distinctions between these two adverbs, followed by an in-depth analysis of their syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics. Both shizhong and yizhi convey continuity, expressing a durative state in both the past and present. While yizhi frequently refers to the future, shizhong does so less often. Grammatically, these adverbs may appear at the beginning of a clause when the subject is omitted or as part of the subject itself, followed by verbs and nouns that create contrast within the discourse—though such occurrences are rare. The corpus data reveal that nearly half of the instances of both words are preceded by a syntactic unit containing temporal or spatial phrases, highlighting that longer corpora offer a more thorough presentation of their usage. Additionally, shizhong is more likely to form contrasts with other discourse elements, often appearing in negative constructions and written language. The study also notes that due to semantic, syntactic, and discourse-related factors, yizhi is more frequently repeated within passages compared to shizhong. Finally, based on the study’s findings and textbook descriptions, the research offers practical pedagogical suggestions and examples for teaching shizhong and yizhi in Chinese language instruction.