| 篇名 |
印尼、泰國、馬來西亞申請加入BRICS/OECD的議題--從外交傳統、對中關係與國內政治的角度分析|The BRICS/OECD Membership Issues of Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia: From the Perspectives of Diplomatic Tradition, Relations with China, and Domestic Politics
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| 中文摘要 |
在美中對立的背景下,OECD和BRICS逐漸政治化。中國擴大BRICS規模,合作關係進一步涵蓋政治和安全保障領域。另一方面,美國則將OECD視為擁有「共通價值」的陣營。在這種情況下,印尼擱置BRICS而看向OECD;泰國則嘗試腳跨OECD與BRICS兩邊;馬來西亞則已選邊站,向BRIC提出加盟申請。本文在上述背景之下,從如下三個觀點,就是(1)中立主義或是平衡外交等的傳統;(2)2010年代之後的對中關係;(3)包含個人因素在內的國內政治經濟情況,進行多重層面的探討。三國共通之處在於,當初在經濟領域與中國締結的合作關係,內容逐漸上升到包含政治.安全保障領域議題在內,自然被引導至加入與中國國際秩序觀論述同調的BRICS。但從三國的不同因應之道則可再次確認,印尼的「自由且積極的外交」,泰國的「竹子外交」,馬來西亞則是提倡脫離歐美,傾向多國主義的傳統外交路線演變。 The OECD and BRICS have become politicized against the backdrop of the U.S.-China competition. China has expanded the BRICS and evolved it into cooperation that includes the political and security domains, and in response, the U.S. has begun to treat the OECD as a“common values”camp. In this situation, Indonesia has decided to join only the OECD, while Thailand is trying to maintain a balance between the OECD and BRICS, and Malaysia has applied for membership of BRICS. This paper examines the background to this situation from three perspectives: 1) the tradition of neutrality and balanced diplomacy, 2) relations with China since the 2010s, and 3) domestic, political, and economic circumstances, which includes personal factors. What the three countries have in common is their cooperation with China, which was initially based in the economic sphere, has gradually been upgraded to include the political and security spheres, and that their participation in the BRICS was a natural progression as they came to align with China’s narrative of the international order. The differences in the responses of the three countries also reaffirm the traditional diplomatic lines of Indonesia’s“free and active diplomacy”, Thailand’s“bamboo diplomacy”, and Malaysia’s Non- Western multilateralist orientation. |