柯倫泰在中國：喧賓奪主的男性本位情慾譯介與在地轉化

Kollontai in China: Male-Centered Presumptuous Translation of Eros and Local Transformation

本文從20世紀前半葉俄、中兩國的歷史背景，勾勒俄國的馬克思共產主義革命家亞歷山卓．柯倫泰（АлександраКоллонтай, 1872-1952）的跨國思想之旅。我以她在民國時期最受爭議的情慾／戀愛觀為主，考察她對中國社會既重要又獨特的思想影響。柯倫泰的情慾思想在民國譯介的來龍去脈，特別鮮明展現出外來學說在跨文化思想演變的過程所經歷的意識形態與性別化操作，能如何扭轉學說原貌而為中國人所用。我期望藉此探究柯倫泰情慾論述的精髓，並分析中國的政治及性別文化語境如何賦予其論述新意。
本文的研究發現，柯倫泰的情慾著述在蘇俄與中國男性本位的左翼跨文化語境中，經歷了某種「三重脈絡性別化」的轉譯過程，由此導致她的女性主義思維被誤讀扭曲。在此，我發揮了台灣翻譯學者單德興的「雙重脈絡化」概念。我以「三重脈絡性別化」來指涉中國男性譯介者在蘇共高層、日本論者及自身立場此三方男性本位脈絡的交互影響下，詮釋並評論柯倫泰的情慾作品，乃至於主導了中國讀者對她情慾思想的認識。受上述「三重脈絡性別化」的多層因素影響，使當時民國論者譯介柯倫泰作品時，出現「喧賓奪主」般的主客易位論述現象。亦即，不少中國作者對柯倫泰著述的譯介與討論，若非片面採信日本評論家的觀點，就是自我發揮演繹。這樣的譯介態度，導致柯倫泰的思想真義難以為中國讀者所知。

This article traces the ideological journey of Russian revolutionary Alexander Kollontai’s ideas on sexuality and feminism to China during the first half of the 20th century, highlighting how her controversial views on love and sexual liberation were transformed by Chinese translators and intellectuals. Focusing on the cross-cultural transmission of her thought, the article illustrates how her works underwent significant ideological and gendered reinterpretations in the male-dominated intellectual environment of Republican China. Through this lens, it demonstrates how Kollontai’s original feminist messages were manipulated to align with local gender norms, obscuring her true intentions.
Building on Shih T’an’s concept of“double contextualization,”the study introduces the idea of“triple contextual gendering,”revealing how Kollontai’s writings were interpreted through the intersecting lenses of Soviet Russia, Japanese commentators, and Chinese translators. These male translators often misread her critique of bourgeois marriage, portraying her advocacy for sexual liberation in distorted ways. The article also contends that the prioritization of Japanese leftist critiques and local biases over a faithful understanding of Kollontai’s ideas led to further misinterpretations of her views on sexuality.
In particular, the study argues that Kollontai’s critique of bourgeois sexual morality was aimed at constructing a new proletarian sexual ethic and not the“Glass-of-water”sexual philosophy often ascribed to her. Republican-era Chinese translators, however, often misrepresented her stance, influenced by Japanese left-wing writings, thus contributing to a skewed interpretation of her work. By examining these misreadings and tracking the evolution of critical works on Kollontai in 1930s and 1940s China, the article sheds light on her ideological footprint in shaping Chinese discussions on love and sexuality.
This study ultimately provides a clearer picture of how Kollontai’s discourse on love and sexuality influenced Republican China while being reshaped and reinterpreted by different cultural and gendered contexts. The aim is to reveal how her revolutionary feminist ideas were co-opted into a narrative that both misrepresented and altered her original goals, reflecting the broader challenges faced by feminist thought in cross-cultural intellectual exchanges.