十九世紀末法國工人政治化與工人結社──以瓦倫謝納地區為例

Politicization of Workers and Workers’Associations in the Late 19th Century France: A Case Study of the Valenciennois Region

下層階層政治化為十九世紀法國史研究的一個重要課題，其關切核心在於解釋經濟決定論視角下法國相對滯後的經濟發展與超前政治意識之間的矛盾與不協調關係，但這些研究多數聚焦於農民與工匠的分析，對於產業工人之研究則相對缺乏。因此，本文將針對以重工業為主要經濟結構的瓦倫謝納地區進行分析，探討產業工人政治化過程。十九世紀末，瓦倫謝納地區經歷了劇烈的政治變動，從政治上由君主主義者與溫和共和派支配的地區轉化成一個社會黨的堡壘。本文將從工人結社角度出發，分析此轉變發生的原因。首先，我們將描繪雇主與仕紳如何透過一個具社會控制功能的工人結社網絡來維持工人長期的保守性。接著，我們將闡述在世紀之交，瓦倫謝納社會主義者如何發展具有工人自治性的結社，並透過這些結社支持工人物質需求、培養工人群體意識，以及建構工人自我信心，進而達成工人的政治化。本文希冀透過此一個案展示法國產業工人的一條政治化路徑，補充這方面研究的不足。

The politicization of lower classes has been an important topic in the historiography of 19th-century France. Its main concern lies in explaining the contradiction and discordance, from the economic determinist perspective, between France’s slower economic development and its advanced political consciousness. However, most existing studies focus on analyzing peasants and artisans. Research on industrial workers is relatively lacking. Therefore, this article conducts a case study on the Valenciennois region, where heavy industry constituted the predominant economic structure, to discuss the politicization process of industrial workers. In the late 19th century, the Valenciennois region underwent an important political change, transforming from a region ruled by monarchists and moderate republicans into a stronghold for the Socialist Party. This article seeks to analyze why this change happened by looking at workers’associations. First, we will show how employers and notables maintained workers’enduring political conservatism via a network of associations operating as a mechanism of social control. Next, we will describe how Valenciennois socialists developed autonomous workers’associations around the turn of the century, and explain how these associations supported workers’material needs, cultivated a collective consciousness among workers, and built workers’self-confidence, ultimately leading to their politicization. Based on this case, the article aims to showcase one path of French industrial workers’politicization, thereby helping mitigate the dearth of research in this issue.