沈默迷宮：戰後德國艾德諾時期猶太人大屠殺記憶文化的形塑與變遷

Im Labyrinth des Schweigens: The Making and Vicissitude of the Memory Culture of the Holocaust in Post-War Germany from 1949 to 1969

世人檢視二戰國家面對侵害人權之戰爭罪責的處理模式，經常比較德國與日本個案，從而肯定德國正視並承擔猶太人大屠殺（Holocaust）罪責的反省態度。然而，若將視野轉移到1949年至1969年間艾德諾（Konrad Adenauer, 1876-1963）及其所屬德國基督教民主聯盟（Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands）執政時期，將窺見西德官方與大眾面對猶太人大屠殺的集體迴避與沈默態度，實與屬於德國社會民主黨（Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands）的西德總理布蘭特（Willy Brandt, 1913-1992）於1970年的「華沙之跪」（Kniefall von Warschauer）所體現的積極面對與悔罪姿態有天壤之別。在艾德諾時期，西德官方與大眾一方面「選擇性遺忘」猶太人大屠殺，另一方面「選擇性記憶」二戰德國集體受害苦難經驗，並將戰爭罪責完全歸咎希特勒與納粹黨政軍菁英，甚而有「清白國防軍」（saubere Wehrmacht）之集體認知迷思。然而，為何戰後1950至1960年代的西德官方與大眾形成與「華沙之跪」如此顯明迥異的態度呢？或者，戰後德國官方何以遲至1969年社會民主黨執政時期，才逐漸正視猶太人大屠殺及其遺緒的態度呢？
基於本文論旨，其第二部分首先藉《沈默迷宮》（Im Labyrinth des Schweigens）之解讀與詮釋，呈現戰後德國艾德諾時期官方猶太人大屠殺記憶文化的特徵，作為問題探詢的切入視角。其次，第三部分進一步探析西德官方於艾德諾時期「選擇性遺忘」猶太人大屠殺與「選擇性記憶」以德國戰俘為中心的二戰集體受害苦難經驗的形塑脈絡，以及兩者之間互為交織之紋理，並時與《沈默迷宮》對話。第三，第四部分探究艾德諾時期官方猶太人大屠殺記憶文化呈現在歷史學術論著、歷史教科書、口述訪談紀錄、影視文藝、紀念儀式、大眾媒體與回憶錄等官推與大眾文化記憶媒介之上的整體趨勢。第四，第五部分以史家論著與小說作品舉證隱沒於艾德諾時期官方猶太人大屠殺記憶文化下的對抗性另類記憶文化，藉以呈現戰後德國猶太人大屠殺記憶文化的複雜性、多元性與變遷性。最後，結論歸結本文論點，同時兼及未來可延伸探究的方向。

This article aims to explore the politics of memory culture of the Holocaust in Post War Germany from 1949 to 1969. Based on a close reading and interpretation of the historical movie Im Labyrinth des Schweigens, which was released by the 70th anniversary of the end of Second World War, it firstly intends to show the main features of the memory culture of the Holocaust in the period of the rules of Konrad Adenauer (1876-1963) and his successors, Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (1897-1977) and Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904-1988), who belonged to the Christian Democratic Union of Germany,. Secondly, it looks into the context of domestic and international politics during the age of Cold War in which the official memory culture of the Holocaust took shape under the regime of Christian Democratic Union from 1949 to 1969 by examining related political discourses of state elites discourses, journal reports, oral interviews, artistic works such as historical films and novels as well as academic works with regard to the war crimes of Nazi and the Holocaust. In doing so, this article also attempts to trace the popular discourse of German as victims of World War II in the 1950s-1960s and analyze how the Adenauer’s government manipulated that discourse for its political demands during the period of Cold War. Then, it turns to demonstrate the alternative memory culture of the Holocaust during the same period of the rules of the Christian Democratic Union by briefly addressing the counter discourses by Karl Jaspers (1883-1969), Kurt Schumacher (1895-1952), Fritz Fischer (1908-1999) as well as Heinrich Böll (1919-1985) and Günter Wilhelm Grass (1929-2015), which paved the shift to the official memory culture of the Holocaust under the regime of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in the 1970s, in order to show the diversity and complexity of the German coming to terms with the difficult past of Nazi.