論《孫子兵法》「上下同欲者勝」之實例與戰爭意涵

〈謀攻篇〉為《孫子兵法》第三篇，不同於〈計篇〉泛論戰爭之基本原理，為全書之總綱。〈謀攻篇〉承繼〈計篇〉之精神，細論將領在戰前應顧及的面向與細則。〈謀攻篇〉中提出「五勝」，所謂「知可以戰與不可以戰者勝，識眾寡之用者勝，上下同欲者勝，已虞待不虞者勝，將能而君不御者勝。此五者，知勝之道也」。所謂「上下同欲者勝」，可視為〈計篇〉中提及「令民與上同意」之延伸，若統治者與軍民上下一心，自然更加提升軍隊之戰鬥力。究竟「上下同欲者勝」有哪些面向？是基於道德正義抑或是利益誘惑？本篇將以不同層面之實例加以探討「上下同欲者勝」的戰爭意涵。

'Plotting to Attack'' is the third part of ''The Art of War'', which is different from the ''Strategy'' on the basic principles of warfare in general, and is the general outline of the whole book. The ''Attack Chapter'' inherits the spirit of the ''Planning Chapter'' and discusses in detail the aspects and details that generals should take into account before the war. The ''Five Victories'' are proposed in the ''Attack Chapter'', the so-called ''those who know what they can fight and those who can't fight win, those who know the use of the many and the few win, those who have the same desire win, those who have been treated without fear win, and those who will be able to win but do not control.'' These five are the way to win.'' The so-called ''whoever wants the same wins'' can be regarded as an extension of the ''agreement between the people and the superiors'' mentioned in the ''Chapter'', and if the ruler and the army and the people are united, it will naturally enhance the combat effectiveness of the army. What are the aspects of ''those who want the same thing win''? Is it based on moral justice or the temptation of profit? This article will explore the meaning of war in different levels of examples.