日本民泊新法制定過程－－利害關係人的觀點

The Process of Enacting the Private Lodging Business Act in Japan: Stakeholders’Viewpoints

2017年日本立法通過「民泊新法」，這是世界上第一部將住宿共享合法化的國家級法律。本文探討日本的民泊制度在立法過程中，相關利害關係人如何影響中央政府規劃民泊新法的制度設計，以及後續各地方政府在實際執行時，如何影響地方政府的決策，藉以窺探民泊新法的運作。本研究以利害關係人理論，透過文獻分析、內容分析及深度訪談，觀察各別利害關係人對民泊新法政策在實施之前及實施之後，如何影響公部門政策的發展。
本研究有三項發現，首先，安倍政府解決觀光發展問題，為民泊找出路，故民泊議題順利進入法規審議會，在議程設定上有利於共享經濟相關業者。第二，民泊新法制度確定後，以中央立法，地方執行原則，地方的旅館協會團體雖於法令制定前期在民泊審議會中失利，轉而於法令制定後期向地方政府施壓，致部分地區對民泊制度仍有嚴格限制，本文發現在觀光客與居民發生兩難抉擇時，地方政府傾向於居民一方。第三，利害關係人聯盟的建立有利於遊說政府推動該項政策。

In 2017, Japan passed the“Private Lodging Business Act”and it has been implemented since June 2018. This is the first national law in the world to legalize accommodation sharing. This article explores how relevant stakeholders influence the institutional design of the central government’s planning of the“Private Lodging Business Act”during the legislative process of Japan’s Minpaku system, and how it affects the decision-making of local governments during the actual implementation, in order to gain a glimpse into the operation of the“Private Lodging Business Act”. This study uses stakeholder theory, through document analysis, content analysis and in-depth interviews, to observe how various stakeholders affect the development of public sector policies before and after the implementation of the“Private Lodging Business Act”policy.
This study has three findings. First, when the“Private Lodging Business Act”was established, the Abe administration aimed to pass the new law. Therefore, the Minpaku issue successfully entered the regulatory review committee, and the agenda setting was conducive to the sharing economy related industry players. After the passage of the new law, platform intermediary operators also successfully obtained legal qualifications. The new law requires platform intermediaries to request Minpaku owners to apply for legal Minpaku in accordance with the law. The government also obtained relevant statistics on Minpaku to understand the development of Minpaku. Second, after the“Private Lodging Business Act”was established, based on the principle of central legislation and local self-law, local hotel associations and groups, although they failed in the Minpaku review meeting in the early stages of the enactment of the law, turned to put pressure on local governments in the later stages of the enactment of the law, resulting in some areas There are still strict restrictions on the Minpaku system. This article uses Karuizawa Town and Kyoto City as the observation objects to explore why local governments oppose the Minpaku system. It is found that when there is a dilemma between tourists and residents, the local government favors the residents’side. Third, the establishment of a stakeholder alliance is conducive to lobbying the government to promote the policy.