從《塘沽協定》看中、日兩國在華北的攻防

The Rivalry in North China between China and Japan from the Perspective of the Tanggu Truce

1930年代中、日兩國在華北的攻防，以1933年2月23日日軍進犯熱河為起點，對於日軍為何要發動熱河戰役，史學界有不同的解讀方式。為解析日軍侵華政策的論述脈絡，本文首先從關東軍的視角，解釋日軍發動熱河戰役之始末，再以國民政府何以不能在戰前解除熱河省主席湯玉麟職位為線索，探討華北地區蔣介石與張學良、湯玉麟之間的利益共生關係，藉此解析國民政府在熱河戰役失利的前因後果。嗣後再聚焦於張學良的解職、軍事委員會北平分會對長城各關口的攻防部署，進而論述中央政府進駐華北以及國軍在長城各關口的奮戰經過。最後，再以蔣介石在落實抗日攘外政策上對地區適用順序的不同考量，以及日本政府與軍部之間在對華政策上的異同為主，探索何以扮演緩衝角色的黃郛能成為中、日兩國政府皆可以接納的華北新領導，並評析《塘沽協定》為蔣介石爭取備戰空間與時間的歷史意義。

The rivalry in North China between China and Japan in the 1930s largely originated from the Japanese invasion of Rehe on February 23, 1933. Chinese and Japanese historians, however, have maintained different interpretations as to why the Japanese launched the Battle of Rehe. In order to analyze the discursive context surrounding Japan’s policy of invading China, the present article first explains the complete picture of the Battle of Rehe from the perspective of Japan’s Kwantung Army. Second, taking the reasons why the Chinese Nationalist government could not dismiss Chairman Tang Yulin湯玉麟(1871–1949) of Rehe province before the war as a research thread, it explores the symbiotic relationship between Chiang Kai-shek蔣介石(1887–1975), Zhang Xueliang張學良(1901–2001), and Tang Yulin in North China, using this to analyze the causes and consequences of the Nationalist government’s defeat in the Battle of Rehe. Third, this article focuses on the dismissal of Zhang Xueliang and the offensive and defensive deployment of the Beijing Branch Military Commission at various passes of the Great Wall, as well as discussing the central government’s entry into North China and the struggles of the National Army at these passes. Finally, based on Chiang Kai-shek’s different considerations in the ordering of regions in terms of importance when implementing anti-Japanese aggression policies as well as on a comparison between the Japanese government’s and the Japanese armed forces’policies towards China, this article explores how Huang Fu黃郛(1883–1936), who played a buffer role, became the new balance of the leadership in North China, one which could be accepted by both the Chinese and Japanese governments; moreover, the historical significance of the Tanggu Truce is analyzed, namely how it gained space and time for Chiang to prepare for war.