近代中國溫泉療養、公共洗浴與景觀重建：以驪山華清池為例

Spa Treatment, Public Bathing and Landscape Reconstruction in Modern China: A Case Study of Huaqing Hot Springs at Mount Li

與歐美日及其殖民地區的溫泉或礦泉療養的豐富研究成果相比，對中國溫泉的研究則相當匱乏。本文以西安城郊風景區的驪山華清池為個案，探討中國近代溫泉療養、公共洗浴與城郊景觀重建的歷史。華清池經歷了從中古以來的皇家名勝到晚唐之後的荒廢，進而在宋元明清至民國時期得到重新維護、修建和開發的過程。1932年國民黨政府一度開啟西京計畫遷都西安，並在西安城郊建立風景區、古蹟保護區，同時推動公共衛生與旅遊開發。近代商業化的溫泉療養和公共浴場的新興理念已成為北京、南京等城市上層社會菁英的生活方式之一，而位於西京風景區的華清池被重建為服務上層階級的休養之所，同時也經過民間資本的商品化與官方民族主義意識形態的改造，成為外來遊客的溫泉浴場。此外，明清時期本地社區中下階層居民對此溫泉所形成的共同使用機制也並未完全消失。華清池的近代重建，關乎城郊自然環境的改造以及不同社會階層私人身體的感官享受、治療與療養。本文將展現近代中國社會中各類群體如何認識、控制、管理、消費與想像華清池溫泉這處自然資源，從而揭示日常生活中的溫泉療養、公共洗浴與景觀重建之間相互連動發展的歷史過程。

In contrast with the abundant and coherent research on the history of hot or mineral springs in Europe, America, and their colonial regions, research on Chinese hot springs, both in the premodern and modern period, has remained largely neglected. The present article focuses on one of the most well-known hot spring resorts, Huaqing Hot Springs華清池, and its surrounding landscape in the suburbs of Xi’an, which was recycled, selectively reused, and negotiated by different social groups from the tenth to nineteenth century. After the threat of Japanese invasion proved inevitable in 1932, Xi’an was selected as the auxiliary capital and renamed the“Western Capital”by the newly established Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) government, which greatly stimulated the development of modern urban construction and city management, including the establishment of suburban landscape areas, protection of historical remains, and promotion of public health and tourism, among other important aspects. Meanwhile, the modern concept of commercialized spa treatment, sanatoria, and public bathhouses became fashionable for the emerging upper class and urban elites in Beijing, Shanghai, and other eastern coastal cities. In the early twentieth century, Huaqing Palace華清宮, Mount Li, and the surrounding landscape were thus rebuilt as a landscape maintenance district and hot spring resort for the upper class. But it was also reconstructed with public bathhouses and a public park for the common visitors by new commercial organizations, namely travel agencies, and was represented as an ideological landscape within official narratives. Despite the changes, however, the previous usage of the hot springs and the local bathing customs from late imperial times were never eradicated. The modern reconstruction of Huaqing Hot Springs is closely related to both the transformation of the natural environment on the outskirts of the city and the personal sensory enjoyment and rehabilitation of different social classes. Taking Huaqing Hot Springs as a case study, this article discusses how diverse perceptions and activities from various social actors are involved in the acknowledgement, control, management, and consumption of the natural resources of the hot springs. Moreover, it further reviews the historical processes behind the interactions between hot spring spa treatment, public bathing, and suburban landscape reconstruction in the context of daily life within the urban transformation that was taking place in modern China.