「反共復國」？滿洲國清遺民的反共意識（1924-1937）

'Anti-communism and Restoration''? The Anti-communism Consciousness of the Qing Loyalists in Manchukuo

本研究旨在以反共意識的角度，重新反思清遺民參與滿洲國建國的政治認同。本研究將從新文化運動中的清遺民開始談起，當新文化運動對於傳統價值觀的敵意越深，激進暴力的共產思想越發蓬勃。對於主張捍衛傳統價值觀的清遺民，越發認為自己已經在民國喪失容身之處，更有部分清遺民也走向極端，對抗赤化危機的意識促使他們選擇藉由日本之手，反抗民國的意識形態。
鄭孝胥主政滿洲國文教部期間，力主排除他所認為會危害滿洲國建國精神的共產主義、三民主義等異端邪說，並透過國家宣傳、教育等方式，企圖「恢復」傳統儒家，將滿洲國建設成「王道樂土」。然而以鄭孝胥為首的清遺民所建構的王道，不僅逐漸不被掌握滿洲國實權的日本關東軍所接受，溥儀也認為鄭孝胥的王道脫離現實。
1935年5月，為了提升自己身為皇帝的權威，溥儀將滿洲國建國精神從王道轉向日滿親善，並逐漸疏遠清遺民，企圖在滿洲國引進天皇制，獲得日本官吏的忠誠。原先清遺民因為厭惡革命、共產思想的激進暴力，而主張在滿洲國用文教來實行王道，在轉向日滿親善之後，滿洲國對共產黨則將其視為反滿抗日勢力，加以軍事鎮壓。而日滿親善成為滿洲國建國精神的主體，也意味著溥儀實行帝制的正當性，不再是滿洲國國民的民意，而是日本的支持，當日本帝國戰敗，喪失統治正當性的滿洲國也隨即土崩瓦解。

This study aims to reconsider the political ideology of the Qing restorationists involving in the establishment of Manchukuo in terms of anti-communist consciousness. The research begins with the Qing loyalists in the period of the New Culture Movement, when the hostility against traditional values grew deeper as the radical and violent communist ideology thrived. The Qing loyalists, who advocated for the defense of traditional values, increasingly felt marginalized in the Republic of China and some of them even turned to extremism. Their awareness of the communist threat prompted them to collaborate with Japan as a means to resist the ideology of the Republic of China. The Qing Restorationists referred in this study include not only the Qing loyalists with the political loyalty towards the Qing Dynasty but also the Qing imperial family actively participating in the Qing restoration.
When Zheng Xiao-xu served as the Minister of Education in Manchukuo, he attempted to suppress Communism and Three Principles of the People, and“revived”Confucianism to establish Manchukuo as a“Dreamland of the Kingly Way”through state propaganda and education. However, the ideology constructed by the Qing loyalists led by Zheng Xiao-xu gradually became unconvincing in the eyes of the Kwantung Army, which held real power in Manchukuo, and Puyi himself deemed Zheng Xiao-xu's vision as detached from reality.
In May 1935, in an effort to enhance his authority as the emperor, Puyi changed the founding spirit of Manchukuo from "Kingly Way" into "Japan-Manchuria friendship" and gradually distanced himself from the Qing loyalists. He sought to introduce the imperial system of Japan to gain the loyalty of Japanese officials. The Qing loyalists, who originally detested the radical violence of the revolution and communist ideology, advocated for implementing the "Qing restoration" through education in Manchukuo. However, after shifting towards Japan-Manchuria friendship, Manchukuo viewed the Communist Party as an anti-Manchurian and anti-Japanese force to be suppressed militarily. The focus on Japan-Manchuria friendship became the main ideology of Manchukuo's founding spirit, signifying the legitimacy of Puyi's imperial rule not based on the will of Manchukuo's citizens, but rather on Japan's support. When the Japanese Empire was defeated, Manchukuo lost its legitimacy as a result, and also collapsed.