國族建構、冷戰與外交的交鋒：中華民國與菲律賓的僑校議題（1950-1976）

Nation-building, Cold War, and diplomatic confrontation: The Issue of Overseas Chinese Schools between the Republic of China and the Philippines (1950-1976)

本文試圖透過1950年至1976年間有關菲律賓僑校之爭端作為切入點，分析華僑議題如何在冷戰思維與國族建構的脈絡下被中華民國與菲律賓雙方所理解與操控。華僑教育自清末以來便被用於形塑海外華人對中國的國族認同，在這樣的環境下，菲律賓的僑校也因華僑社群、中國政府的合作以及美屬菲律賓政府的允許而得以蓬勃發展。1950年韓戰爆發，退居臺灣的中華民國政府成為美國重要的反共盟友，連帶強化中華民國與菲律賓的關係，更使僑校得以在菲律賓繼續生存。
僑校的存在，在一定程度上有助於維持中華民國的統治正當性，卻被部分菲律賓政治人物視為有傷害菲律賓國家主權與國族建構的嫌疑，而屢有限制甚至關閉僑校的聲浪乃至於政策，中華民國政府則必須在維護國家尊嚴與反共同盟情誼間取得平衡，與菲律賓政府就僑校議題進行協商。隨著冷戰局勢改變，菲律賓的馬可仕政府也改變了對「中國」的政策，連帶影響僑校的命運。

This article attempts to use the dispute of Filipino overseas Chinese schools from 1950 to 1976 as a starting point to analyze how overseas Chinese issues were understood and manipulated by both the Republic of China (ROC) and the Philippines under the Cold War and Nation-building contexts. Since the late Qing period, overseas Chinese education has been used to shape the overseas Chinese's national identity towards China. In such an environment, Filipino overseas Chinese schools also flourished with the cooperation between the overseas Chinese community, the Chinese government, and the tolerance from the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, the ROC government, which retreated to Taiwan, became an important anti-communist ally of the United States, which also strengthened the relationship between the ROC and the Philippines, and also made the overseas Chinese schools can keep surviving in the Philippines.
The existence of Chinese schools helped to maintain the legitimacy of ROC rule to a certain extent but is regarded by some Filipino politicians as suspected of damaging on the Philippine national sovereignty and Nation-building, and there are repeated calls to restrict or even close overseas Chinese schools. Under this circumstance, the ROC government had to balance maintaining national dignity and the harmony of the anti-communist alliance and kept negotiating with the Philippine government on the issue of overseas Chinese schools. With the change of the Cold War situation, the policy of the Marcos government in the Philippines towards "China" also changed, which in turn affected the fate of the overseas Chinese schools.