梁啟超救國實踐的文化進路：以新民思想為主要線索

Cultural Change of Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao's Practice to Save the Country with Citizens'New Thoughts as Main Clue

本文以梁啟超救國實踐的文化進路──改造國民性的「新民」說為主軸，觀察以文化進路做為救國實踐思想利器的梁啟超，其文化和道德思惟與傳統舊社會道德觀變遷的內在聯繫。寫作脈絡始自清代思想界先自理學持論「求利害義」的「義利對立」觀，轉為肯定「義利合趨」之利己思想，再到梁啟超根基在此新義理觀復受西方自由主義與國家主義影響，摶成他既強調自由主義又重視國家利益的道德觀念。在清季救亡圖存的時代課題中，梁氏正是以強調道德革命的「新民」說做為激勵國人自新其德的理論依據，期於國人能夠具備獨立自由的人格與國家思想、群體觀念，進以自由與服從、獨立與合群、利己與愛他利群的「新民德」，建立起適於天演、能對外競爭的民族國家。「新民」說擔綱了梁啟超救國實踐的文化關懷重任，並體現他持信一切事物皆循進化公理前進的道德進步思想。

This article is based on the cultural change of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's practice of saving the country with his “new citizen” theory as the main axis to transform the nation. Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, who used cultural change of thought as a weapon of practice to save the country, established internal relationships between cultural and moral thinking and the change of moral values in traditional society. My writing context begins with the ideological circle of Qing Dynasty from the Confucian school of the “opposition of justice and profit” concept based on philosophy of pursuing interests for the “unity of justice” self-interest concept. Furthermore, the paper will cover Liang Ch'i-ch'ao thought basis for new justice, which was affected by western liberalism and nationalism, and transferred to his moral idea that emphasized both liberalism and national interest.
In the contemporary issue of saving one's country so that it may survive during the Qin Dynasty, Liang Ch'i-ch'ao focused on the “new citizen” theory of moral revolution as his basis to encourage countrymen to reform their morals and anticipated countrymen having independent and free personalities and national thought, as well as community values, in order to create the “new citizen's morals” of freedom and obedience, independence and affiliation, self-interest and national benefits, all to establish a national state that was suitable for the theory of evolution and foreign competition. The “New citizen” theory played an important role that supported cultural caring of Liang Ch'i-ch'ao's practice of saving the country, and also reflected his thoughts about moral progress, that everything would follow a general truth of evolution to go forward.