日本近年中、小學教育變革重要政策之探討

An Exploration of Important Policies for Elementary and Middle School Education Reforms in Japan in Recent Years

本研究透過文獻探討與解析，聚焦於日本中小學近十年教育改革若干重要政策的重點，主要聚焦於「新時代教育課程與內容」、「學校與社區鏈結的建構」、「維持教育水準與教師專業成長」三個目的。研究結論歸納出，日本教育課程著重兩個重點：1.重視國際化：在三年級和四年級增加外國語活動，整體上的授課時數增加了140個小時的英語授課時數。2.強化道德教育：將「道德的時間」，修訂為「特別的教科道德」呼應放眼國際、深耕在地，強化國際化時代的因應能力的同時，也深化主體意識和愛國情操的陶冶。在校與社區的鏈結方面有兩大重點1.從教育改革、地方創生等動向思考學校與社區合作之必要性，學校與社區共同營造出學校的特色。2.在地居民、父母與學童相互學習，共同培育孩子的教育體制。進行「以學校核心主軸之社區營造」之建構。在提升教師素質方面，恢復教師證終身有效制度加強教師講習、教師檢定考試的實施、初任者研習制度的改善、教師養成採用方法與研習相關性的一貫化。同時，增加師資培育的管道，讓教師證可以更多方式可以取得，積極鼓勵社會人參與師資培育課程，導入有社會經驗的管理者參與學校的經營管理，讓更多的學生和社會人士可以加入教師的行列，改善教師職場環境和待遇等變革來提高現有教師與未來師資素質水準的提升。

This study aims to clarify the key policies of elementary and middle school education reform in Japan through a literature review and analysis, focusing on three objectives:“Education Curriculum and Content in the New Era,”“Construction of School and Community Link,”and“Maintaining Education Level and Teachers’Professional Growth.”The research concludes that the education curriculum in Japan focuses on two key points: 1. emphasizing internationalization: increase foreign language activities in the third and fourth grades and increase the overall teaching hours by 140 hours of English teaching; 2. strengthening moral education: revise“moral education”to“lessons for teaching the special subject of moral education,”which echoes the international perspective, deeply cultivates the local situation, and strengthens adaptability in the era of internationalization. At the same time, it also deepens the cultivation of patriotic sentiment in the subject’s consciousness. There are two key points in the connection between schools and communities: 1. thinking about the necessity of collaboration between schools and communities from the perspectives of educational reform and local revitalization and jointly creating the characteristics of schools through collaboration between schools and communities; 2. local parents and children learn from each other and construct an educational system that jointly cultivates children. Carrying out and promoting the“construction of a school-centered community,”making it independent and autonomous. In terms of improving the quality of teachers, restore the lifelong effective system of teachers’certification, strengthen teachers’lectures and studies, implement teacher certification exams, improve the training system for beginners, and ensure consistency in the use of methods and training for teachers. At the same time, channels for teacher training should be increased so that teacher certificates can be obtained in diverse ways. It is suggested to actively encourage the public to participate in teacher training courses, introduce managers with social experience to participate in school management, and allow more students and individuals to join the teams of teachers. By doing so, changes can be made to improve teachers’work environments and their treatment, thereby enhancing the quality of present and future teachers.