地方治理與風土記錄：以柳宗元羈官經驗為例

Local governance and terroir record: With the expatriation of Liu Zongyuan as an example

中唐的南方州郡，對於京官而言，並非外放善區。中央將京官貶至地方，應是懲處性質。唐朝對於官員因罪貶謫，設立量移機制，實屬補救改正功能。京官因罪外貶，幾可透過量移遷轉，地方州郡對於中央京官而言，象徵性懲處，大過實質管理。
科舉出身的柳宗元，對於謫居地的文字記錄，僅是因景生情的喟歎，亦或隱藏時勢的線索？在政經現實之中，帶有南方特質的風土疾病徵兆，是真實摧殘身體健康，亦或象徵精神層次的文化邊陲？
當柳宗元等京官外放南方，挾帶中央京官的經驗，熟悉中央管理系統，擁有精闢妙筆文詞長才。將南方風土傳諸文字，形成集體記憶，雖離千里亦如近鄰。南方抽象的國土觀念，透過風土文物認同，地方疾病療方的交流，形成意象中的具體國土概念。柳宗元外放南方經歷，堪為元和時期南方意象傳譯形塑者。

The prefectures and counties in the Middle Tang Dynasty, for officials in the capital, were not ideal places for expatriation. When officials in the capital were demoted to regional territories, it should be punishment of nature. In the Tang Dynasty, a shifting mechanism was established to demote officials because of their misdemeanors. In fact, it was functioned to reform convicts. When officials in the capitals were demoted because of misdemeanors, they could be exiled through the shifting mechanism. For officials in the capital, the expatriation to regional territories was a kind of symbolic punishment instead of actual sentence.
For Liu Zongyuan, an official that was qualified by passing the imperial examination, the written records of the place of his expatriation were merely exclamations of magnificent landscapes and the outpour of his powerful feelings. Were they implicit messages of the situations of that time? Concerning the political and economic realities, were the symptoms of local diseases in the southern China deteriorating his health? Or were they symbolizing the cultural periphery on the spiritual level?
Regarding the expatriation of Liu Zongyuan and other officials in the capital to southern China, they had abundant experience of and were familiar with the management system of the central government. Moreover, they were competent in writing and rhetoric. They captured the folklores and customs of southern China in their writings, constituting a collective memory. Although they were far away, they still felt locating in the vicinity. The abstract concept of the territory in southern China was transformed into the concept of concrete territory in the images of his writings, through his identification with the folklores and relics and the exchange of the healing of regional diseases. The experience of Liu Zongyuan s expatriation to southern China can be regarded as the interpretation of the image of southern China during the Yuanhe period.