打造恆春炭：清領到日治的恆春製炭產業變遷

Build up Hengcheun Charcoal : The Changes of the Charcoal Industry in Hengcheun From Qing Taiwan to Japanese Occupation Period

恆春半島富藏闊葉樹種的林木之利，18世紀瑯嶠十八社的相關文字中已出現「積薪燒炭」的記述，19世紀閩粵人民在半島上從事木炭製造，也見於地方志書的介紹。20世紀上半葉，恆春木炭產量更是達到高峰，成為高雄州木炭的主要產地。日治時期恆春的捕鯨、瓊麻、熱帶植物等產業給人留下較為深刻的印象，然而木炭產業卻逐漸為人遺忘，因此本文希望透過重建恆春木炭產業的發展過程，進一步理解恆春地方的人群關係與生活實態。
本文利用地方志書、日治時期報紙、檔案、期刊等史料，就原料用材、製造、流通與市場等層面，儘可能釐清恆春木炭產業的各個環節。值得注意的是，清代的製炭大致上是閩粵漢人繳納租稅給原住民，換取入山燒製木炭的模式，但是在日治初期，則由日人商會出具資金，讓漢人與持有林地的原住民商議，允許製炭夫入山燒製木炭，外來的日人資本藉此得以進入恆春木炭產業的製造環節。此外，1920至30年代，高雄州與恆春郡當局倡導成立木炭組合，主要目的雖然是著重提升生產數量，但由於木炭的製造、分類、包裝、檢查等過程的規格化，官方逐漸主導木炭產業。以島內市場為主的恆春炭在規格化之後，其產量與品質在昭和5年(1930)達到高峰，成為臺南、高雄等南臺灣都會區的日常生活物資，而恆春郡在當時也是高雄州的重要木炭產地。

Hengcheun Peninsula is rich in the benefits of broadleaf tree. The 18 tribes of Longkiauw aborigines had piled the woods, used charcoal for living in 18th century. And the immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong had engaged in charcoal manufacturing. During the first half of the 20th century, the charcoal production reached its peak and became the main origin of the Kaohsiung Prefecture in 1930’s. However, the whaling and agave sisalana’s industry􃸪tropical plant breeding were far more well-known. On the contrary, charcoal industry in Hengcheun was gradually forgotton by people. Therefore, this article tries to analyze the local living and relationships of ethnic groups in Hengcheun by rebuilding the development process of the charcoal industry.
By local chronicles, Taiwan Daily News(Taiwan Riri Sinpao), archives and periodicals of Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule, this article clarifies the process of Hengcheun’s charcoal industry including raw wood, manufacturing, circulation and market. It is worth noting that the immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong payed taxes to aborigines in order to enter the mountains and make charcoal during the Qing Dynasty. But from the beginning of Japanese rule, Japanese company investd in Hengcheun’s charcoal industry. Japanese company negotiated with aborigines and provided financial contribution in order to let Han people enter the mountains and make charcoal . Furthermore, Kaohsiung Perfecture and Hengcheun County advocated the organizations of charcoal industry in 1920-30. Needless to say, the organizations of charcoal industry were mainly committed to increase production. But, by the standardization of the charcoal industry through the process of manufacturing, classifications, packaging, and examination, the Japanese official government gradually dominanced the charcoal industry. Through the process of standardization, the production and the quality of Hengcheun’s charcoal which was mainly the island market reached the peak in 1930. Hengcheun charcoal became the daily necessities of metropolitan area of southern Taiwan including Tainan and Kaohsiung . And Hengcheun county turned into the most important charcoal origin of Kaohsiung prefecture in 1930s.