南北朝外交移書初探

A Preliminary Study on Reciprocal Official Diplomatic Documents of the Northern and Southern Dynasties

今人視六朝「移」體為政府內部的平行文書，很大程度上理解自《文選》與《文心雕龍》的選文與論述，但此一認識可能屏蔽於南朝辨體意識，而非文學史真實面貌。翻覽《藝文類》、《文苑英華》收錄移文，大多為南北朝間的外交移書，而非政府內部的平行移文。移書施用於外交始見劉宋，為南北朝斷交時期重要的官方訊息傳遞媒介。外交移書有其獨立之寫作規範，施用層級則有地方與中央之別，如若事務層級逾越地方權責則需上呈中央，中央亦於裁決後下付邊境政府代為轉遞敵對政權。《文苑英華》收錄元世、何敬容的來往移書，作於東、西魏分裂之際。該移書復載於《藝文類》，可知為任孝恭代筆所作。二文刪裁面貌不同，既揭示可能出自不同文獻來源，也側見選本重塑文章面貌之特性。

Recent scholarship has viewed“reciprocal”移official documents of the Six Dynasties period as correspondence between officials of equal rank, an understanding which is largely based on selections and treatises from Wen xuan文選(Selection of Refined Literature) and Wen xin diao long文心雕龍(The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons). But the overall understanding of this form of document might be obscured by the notion of“differentiating forms”辨體in the Southern Dynasties, thereby failing to present the authentic picture of related literary history. Most reciprocal official documents included in Yiwen leiju藝文類聚(Classified Anthology of Literary Works) and Wenyuan yinghua文苑英華(Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature) are diplomatic documents from the Northern and Southern dynasties instead of those shared between officials of equal rank internally. The earliest record of reciprocal official documents adopted for use with diplomatic relations can be dated back to the Liu Song dynasty, and the document form was considered an important medium of official communication during the severance of diplomatic relations during the Northern and Southern dynasties. Reciprocal official documents for diplomatic affairs had their own standards in terms of form and how they were written, and the enforcement of said norms differed by administrative level, namely central and local. If the affairs in question were beyond the authority of the local level, the document had to be presented to the central authority; and after a decision was made, the administrations of border regions were the medium employed to transfer the document to the adversarial regime. The reciprocal official documents between Yuan Shijun元世儁(494-540) and He Jingrong何敬容(?-549) were selected by Wenyuan yinghua, written during the disunion of the Northern Wei dynasty which was later divided into Eastern and Western Wei. These same documents were then again recorded in Yiwen leiju, which was likely ghostwritten by Ren Xiaogong任孝恭(?-548). However, the two pieces were redacted differently, suggesting that the origins of the documents were potentially dissimilar and that the respective anthologies intended to reshape the contents of its selections.