青銅器時代早期愛琴海運輸罐的來源與技術研究：以阿提卡半島的Kontopigado遺址為例

A Provenance and Technological Study of the Transport Jars from the Early Bronze Age Kontopigado in Attica, Greece

西元前第三千紀的中後期是愛琴海地區社會政治轉型的時期，一般認為此轉變與冶金工藝的出現有關。在青銅器時代早期的第二階段（EB II），在考古學的脈絡中可見到金屬物品的消費和陳設，而這與陶製餐具的引入和當時社會強調社交宴飲等活動是同時相伴出現的。一系列被認為是作為運輸的大型領口型陶罐的出現及其在愛琴海諸島的廣泛分佈，並伴隨有套裝、精美的傾注器皿，顯示了區域間有著頻繁的互動與交換貿易。這些被解釋為運輸罐的陶器遺留，其中一類型為阿提卡式領口型陶罐，在多個關鍵性的愛琴海沿海遺址都有出土，並具有一致的砂質摻合料和器表施有白色泥釉的特點，但它們的來源過去卻一直未知。本文藉由對阿提卡半島Kontopigado遺址青銅器時代早期第一階段（EB I）與第二階段（EB II）出土的陶器進行岩象分析，揭示了此遺址即為阿提卡式領口型陶罐的主要生產中心，並顯示了有機商品（最可能是指葡萄酒）在愛琴海地區的分佈以及擴展的交換網絡。另外，Kontopigado遺址的製陶技術在青銅器時代早期第二階段發生顯著的改變，顯示出人群對陶器燒成溫度和燒成氣氛之控制技術複雜度的增加，更加展現陶器在這時期角色的改變。

The third millennium BC is a time of socio-political transformation in the Aegean, usually linked to the emergence of metallurgy. In Early Bronze II the archaeological visibility of metals, through their consumption and display, is joined by the introduction of ceramic tablewares and an emphasis on hosting and social pouring and drinking processes, most likely of wine. The emergence of a range of large, collared jars, interpreted as amphorae, and their wide distribution is indicative of extensive exchange across the Aegean islands, accompanied by matching fineware pouring vessels. A characteristic type of these jars, with white-slipped surfaces and consistent sand tempered fabric, have been found in a number of key coastal sites in the Cyclades and Northern Crete, but their provenance remained unknown. The petrographic analysis of pottery from the EB I–II deposits at Kontopigado, Attica reveals the site as the production center for these jars, demonstrating the distribution of organic commodities across the Aegean, perhaps alongside the metals which underpinned the Attic economy and were in such demand in Crete. The marked changes in pottery technology at the site during EB II show an increased sophistication in the control of firing temperature and atmosphere, the changing role of ceramics during this period.