新見簡牘與秦至西漢早期的傅籍制度

Newly Discovered Bamboo and Wooden Slips and the System of Registration (Fuji 傅籍) in the Qin and Early Han Dynasties

考察長沙走馬樓西漢簡0109等資料可見，秦至西漢早期，官府採用不將出生之年算入的「實歲」（或「實齡」）計算民眾年齡。每年八月戶時著錄新的年齡數據，但要到次年歲初才生效。睡虎地秦簡〈葉書〉所記秦王政元年喜傅籍時的年齡應為16歲。《嶽麓書院藏秦簡（肆）》所刊秦代〈尉卒律〉簡135-138在訂正斷讀後顯示，士伍與公士以上爵位擁有者之子傅籍年齡均為18歲，小爵擁有者的傅籍年齡相對延後。《二年律令》傅籍年齡分三等：士伍與不更以下子20歲；大夫至五大夫子與小爵不更至上造22歲；卿以上子與小爵大夫以上24歲。胡家草場漢簡〈歲紀〉提示，《二年律令》的傅籍規定應是高后元年「減老增傅」的結果。秦王政元年前後至西漢早期，傅籍年齡由低到高的演變，跟戰爭與和平密切相關。

Judging from a series of newly discovered materials, such as Zoumalou Han bamboo slip 0109, we can see that when the Qin and early Han governments registered people’s ages they did not include the year of birth in their “real age.” In August of each year, the government surveyed and updated their demographic data, but the data would not take effect until the beginning of the following year. According to “Ye shu” 葉書 from the Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips, in the first year of the First Emperor of Qin, an individual named Xi was registered (fuji 傅籍), for matters such as taxation and the corvée system, at the age of sixteen. Following revisions concerning punctuation to Yuelu shuyuan cang Qin jian (si) (Qin slips from the Yuelu Academy collection [four]), we know from “Weizu lü” 尉卒律on slips 135–138 that sons of those whose ranks were at or higher than shiwu 士伍and gongshi 公士were registered at the age of eighteen, whereas sons of those with the status of xiaojue 小爵were enrolled at a later age. Furthermore, as an early Han statute, Er nian lüling 二年律令shows that the age of registration can be divided into three classes: 1) sons of shiwu and bugeng 不更were registered at the age of twenty; 2) sons of dafu 大夫and wu dafu 五大夫, as well as xiaojue with rank between bugeng and shangzao 上造were registered at twenty-two; and 3) sons of qing 卿and xiaojue of rank dafu were enrolled at twenty-four. According to the Hujia caochang Han bamboo slip “Sui ji” 歲紀, the above statute from Er nian lüling should be viewed as a result of the decree to “reduce the range of ages for registration” (jian lao zeng fu 減老增傅, i.e., lowering the ceiling and raising the starting age for registration), issued in the first year of Empress Lü. From the first year of the First Emperor of Qin to the early Han dynasty, we see an apparent increase in the ages for registration, a phenomenon which is closely associated with the gradual shift from war to peace of the time.