從古文字材料談古代的盥洗用具及其相關問題──自浙川下寺春秋楚墓的青銅水器自名說起

A Discussion of Bathing and Washing Vessels and Related Issues Based on Bronze Inscriptions and Texts on Ch'u Bamboo Slips: Beginning with Inscriptions on Water Vessels from Ch'u Burials at Hsia-ssu, Hsi-ch'uan

與青銅酒器、食器相比，水器並不是商周青銅器的主流。在商、西周、春秋、戰國的墓葬中，陪葬品的屬性，一般是商重酒器、西周前期重食器、西周後期開始逐漸重視水器，尤以南方長江中下游春秋戰國墓葬中水器大盛。本文以考古報告和青銅器銘文中與盥洗相關資料為基礎，文獻、出土簡牘等資料為輔（基本上比較集中在西周晚期及春秋時期），解請這些資料以及其背後的一些相關問題。由於浙川下寺墓地的墓葬年代清楚，出土的盥洗用具種類齊全且有自名，在入葬時的排列位置井然有序，這對於釐清盥洗用具之器類、名稱及用途都很有幫助，本文先由此展開討論。全文還包括：一、青銅水器的辨認及其功用（汲水或置水、盛水、注水和承水、溫水、舀水）。二、墓葬中的水器與墓主身份關係分析。三、討論水器作器者與使用者的關係──兼談媵器中特多水器的意涵。四、討論幾個與盥洗行為（秣和澮、盥和浣）和器用（匜和𨮔、卵缶和□缶）；相關的古文字及其區域性異寫。本文最後對《禮記‧玉藻》記載的盥沐過程重做疏通，並以「重耳婚媾懷嬴」的故事，說明沃盥儀節在春秋時代的意義，除了日常生活的實際需要外，盥洗儀節的繁縟，及墓葬中配置井然的成套盥洗用具，說明「潔淨」不僅是乾淨的要求，而是禮節或宗教層面上的堅持。

Bathing and washing one's hands and face to keep clean are indispensable activities in the daily lives of human beings. Yet it has been difficult to trace the history of these common activities, especially for ancient times, for which source materials are even more scarce. In recent decades, the vigorous growth of Chinese archaeology has brought to light many underground source materials, and the excavation reports from these sites contain much detail. Therefore, some clues concerning the position of water vessels in ancient burials can be gradually elucidated. Bronze toilet articles often have inscriptions on them to express a degree of solemnity. These inscriptions inadvertently shed some light on the history of early Chinese life. Based primarily on these bronze inscriptions, but supplemented by Ch'u bamboo slips, books and archaeological materials, this article discusses ancient Chinese toiletry vessels and the issues they raise for the historian.