郭店簡文字例解三則

Textual Research on Guodian 郭店 Bamboo-slip Manuscripts

郭店簡〈成之聞之〉「天升大常」，學者釋為「天降大常」。由楚簡从升之字的字形與辭例分析，「降」字的釋讀是錯誤的。「大常」本為繪有日月圖案的王車之旗，日月升之於天，成為人間人倫之觀照，有如王車建大常，以之為軍隊之號令。郭店簡〈性自命出〉「凡於徵，毋畏，毋獨」，此用《左傳》昭公六年宋國史事之典，與《詩》「毋獨斯畏」之語義有關，我們只有在了解有關史實的基礎上，才能對有關簡文作出正確的釋讀。郭店簡「巤」及從「巤」之字多讀為「獵」，用「獵」之比喻義。「內獵」猶言「內求」；「弌獵」即「弋獵」，意即追求，「□其獵」謂失其取舍之度，「道不可獵也」，謂道不可如田獵之取獸，能守一曲而不可得道之全體，「獵習」謂涉獵學習。郭店簡「□」字學者多讀為「必」，就字形而言，下寺鎛銘「□」又作「比」，可知「□」是「比」的異構。所謂「至信如時，□至而不結」，應是指時令依次而至，毋須事先結言。郭店簡「□」、「比」重出，「□」字出現在相對較早的文獻中，應是一個值得注意的問題。

The statement tian sheng da chang 天升大常 of the ''Cheng zhi wen zhi'' 〈成之聞之〉 had been formerly transcribed as tian Jiang da chang 天降大常. According to the graphic structure of the character sheng 升 which have appeared on the Chu slips so far discovered, it was a mistake to transcribe the second word as Jiang 降. The phrase da chang 大常 is the name of the flag with a pattern of the sun and moon. The flag is set up on the king's chariot as the order of his army. The tian sheng da chang 天升大常 means that there is an orderly arrangement for the moving of the sun, the moon and other stars in heaven, in the light of which human relationships should also be put into order. The statement fan yu zheng, wu wei, wu du, 凡於徵, 毋畏, 毋獨, of the ''Xing zi ming chu'' 〈性自命出〉 is a close quotation from ''Zuo zhuan'' 《左傳》, concerning the historical facts of the Song 宋 state in the sixth year of Zhao gong 昭公. We also find there is a link between this statement and the sentence wu du si wei 毋獨斯畏 of ''Shi'' 《詩》. In the Guodian 郭店 bamboo-slip manuscripts, the character lie 巤 and some characters taken as lie 巤 should be transcribed as lie 獵. These characters should be explained according to the metaphorical meaning of lie 獵. The phrase nei lie 內獵 reads as nei qiu 內求 meaning inward pursue. The phrase yi lie 弌獵 reads as yi lie 弋獵 meaning pursue. The phrase shi qi lie 失其獵 means losing one's direction of pursuit. The statement dao bu ke lie ye 道不可獵也 means dao 道 can't be grasped in whole. The phrase lie xi 獵習 means extensive learning. The character bi □ had been formerly transcribed as bi 必. According to the evidence that the word bi 比 of the Xiasi bo 下寺鎛 bronze inscription is written as bi □, the character □ is another graph of bi 比. The statement zhi xin ru shi, bi zhi er bu Jie 至信如時, □至而不結, means time moves in order without any appointment. In the Guodian 郭店 bamboo-slip manuscripts, both the character bi □ and the character bi 比 could be seen, and bi □ is written in the earlier text. This phenomenon is worth studying.