以學術對學術：1960年代國民黨政府對《美國外交文件》的反應

Tit for Tat: The Response of the Kuomintang G overnment t o the Release of Foreign Relations of the United States in the 1960s

中共在國共內戰中獲勝是中美外交史的重大事件，對兩國關係有著深遠影響。美國國務卿艾奇遜曾推出《白皮書》為其對華政策辯解，將內戰失利原因歸咎於國民黨政府。蔣介石及國民黨政府在保留爭取美援希望的考慮下，低調回應《白皮書》中的批評。艾森豪政府上臺後，為推翻《白皮書》及公布完整的對華紀錄文件，決定發行《美國外交文件》中國專輯，但實際內容與《白皮書》相似。1960年代政府為處理《美國外交文件》，採取種種宣傳措施進行反制，清算這筆「陳年舊賬」，並出版《史迪威事件》作為應對。以此書為線索，不但可呈現出政府對失去中國這一問題的認識，亦顯示其在美國壓力之下如何運用宣傳機器。通過本研究可知，蔣介石斷定內戰失敗美國應負重大責任，特別是馬歇爾、艾奇遜、國務院官員及駐華外交官，在「蘇聯影響」下執行毀滅蔣介石的對華政策。蔣介石的看法與1950年代麥卡錫的指控較為相似，並在此種觀點指導下組織編寫《史迪威事件》一書。《史迪威事件》在臺受到好評，但因史迪威在美聲望崇高，且美國對「失去中國」問題看法已經發生變化，因而在美毀譽參半，宣傳效果不佳。

The triumph of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, as a significant event in the history of Sino-US diplomatic relations, exerted a profound impact on the relationship between the two countries. In 1949, US Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1893–1971) presented the“China white paper”titled United States Relations with China: With Special Reference to the Period 1944–1949 as a defense of his China policy, blaming the Kuomintang-led government for the failure of the Civil War. But Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975) and his government responded to the criticism quietly, largely attempting to retain American aid. After Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) was elected as president of the United States, Foreign Relations of the United States, China series, was published to release the official papers on China in full and repudiate the Truman administration’s white paper, but the two documents were ultimately quite similar in content. In the 1960s, to counter the China series, the government of Chiang Kai-shek adopted certain propaganda measures and published General Stilwell in China, 1942–1944: The Full Story, attempting to settle the decade-old score. The present study reveals not only Chiang Kai-shek and his administration’s perception of the loss of China but also the patterns of propaganda formulated under stresses emanating from the US. As this research holds, Chiang Kai-shek was certain that the US should shoulder a larger responsibility for the defeat of the KMT in the Civil War, especially Acheson, George C. Marshall, Jr. (1880–1959), and State Department officers and diplomats in China, all of which carried out the policy of destroying him under the“influence of the Soviet Union.”His views shared similarities with those of US Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908–1957) in the 1950s and led to the birth of General Stilwell in China, which was popular in Taiwan but received mixed reviews in the US because of Stilwell’s reputation and shifting opinions on the“loss of China.”