「肉感」與摩登上海：試窺二三○年代現代小說中的肉體、視覺與現代性

“Sensuality”and Modern Shanghai: A Study on Body, Visuality, and Modernity in Modern Novels in 1920s and 1930s China

三○年代，曾樸（1871-1935）與兒子曾虛白（1895-1994）於上海法租界開設真美善書店，翻譯、出版異國唯美文學，其志之一在於以之「平凡化」當時文壇所侈談之「肉感」，傳遞新的美學價值。然究竟何為「肉感」？若我們查找當時報刊，則會發現「肉感」一詞在二十年代已大量出現，其意涵儘管相當複雜，但已大致與現今詞典中指涉的「女性肉體給予異性的刺激、誘惑」接近，且多與視覺圖像聯繫。儘管「肉感」一詞的意涵豐富，且多與視覺藝術相關，然若睽諸當時的文學作品可以發現，其時各派作家亦紛紛在作品中演繹「肉感」，不論是書寫靜女士與情人強猛沈溺於「肉」的享樂之《幻滅》，或者描述女子「到純肉感的社會裡去」做電影演員的《夢珂》，或是為新感覺派作家郭建英（1907-1979）歌頌的「肉感」現代女性。本文旨在前人及筆者以往的研究基礎上，借鑑關鍵詞、感官文化史的研究視角，歷時與共時性地考察「肉感」一詞的來龍去脈以及上述的創作實踐，以探查「肉感」的文學、文化意涵，以回應中國現代文學現代性等複雜議題。通過分析現代中國小說家如何在作品中使用「肉感」一詞，本文一方面考察現代中國人如何在特定的社會與文化脈絡認知與描繪身體；另一方面更要探索現代中國人觀念轉換與認識結構的變化。

In the 1930s, Zeng Pu (1871-1935) and his son, Zeng Xu-bai (1895- 1994), opened a bookstore in the French Concession of Shanghai named Zhenmeishan真美善(Truth, Beauty, and Virtue). The pair sought to advocate aesthetic literature and trivialize the rougan肉感(sensuality) literature popular at the time. However, what is this so-called rougan? An examination of tabloid, journal, and magazine databases reveals that the word rougan became popular in the 1920s and 1930s and was used in relation to movies. Although its definition is complicated and diverse, the concept of rougan relates to seeing, which is almost close to the definition found in today’s dictionaries, namely,“the sensual feelings that are stirred by the (female) body.”Additionally, writers at the time also used the word in their works. For instance, Mao Dun茅盾(1896-1981) used it in his novel Huanmie《幻滅》(Disillusion) to describe the love between Lady Jing and her lover Qiangmeng, while Ding Ling丁玲(1904-1986) used it in the novel Mengke《夢珂》to describe an actress in“a pure sensual society.”Furthermore, Guo Jianying郭建英(1907-1979) depicted a sexy modern woman as a rougan girl in his neo-sensualist contes and illustrations. Through keyword research and adopting the perspective of sensual cultural history, this paper focuses on examining the concept of rougan, and the literary practices mentioned above. The paper also aims to explore the appearance and representation of the word rougan, interpret literary and cultural connotations of the word, and respond to the complicated research results of Chinese modernity. Additionally, this paper aims to analyze how modern China recognized and depicted the body in certain social and cultural contexts and illustrate the changing ideas and cognitive structure of modern China during the early republican period.