愛與慾的辯證──從愛瑪．高德曼在中國的譯介談北伐前後無政府主義者的性愛論述

The Dialectics of Love and Sex: Chinese Anarchists’Sex Radicalism via the Translation and Adaptation of Emma Goldman’s Works in the 1920s

1920年代的中國，不僅出現政治動盪、政黨勃興與社會劇變等局面，也是受外國思潮影響而流行的自由婚戀與新性道德等言行普及的關鍵年代。作為曾經在五四時期啟迪青年學子爭自由、抗強權、求解放的無政府主義，在動員時人從事社會革命的能量，到了1920年代中期，因國共勢力的崛起而急速縮減。不願加入國共陣營、堅持純粹無政府主義路線的激進無政府主義青年，如何在不利於其革命活動的大環境中，爭取發聲、宣揚無政府主義理念呢？
本文透過中國無政府主義者對俄裔美國無政府主義者愛瑪．高德曼（Emma Goldman，1869-1940）的著作譯介，來考察這群激進分子在北伐前後的論述特色及其時代意涵。筆者將從高德曼的思想言論自20世紀初葉以來在中國的傳播出發，尤其偏重她的情愛論述在1920年代被演繹的過程，探討扮演譯介與宣揚角色的無政府主義者，如何在翻譯與承繼高德曼的情愛論見之餘，展演出意圖取而代之的新性愛論述，來參與並回應中國社會的實際問題。本文說明，無政府主義者對高德曼情愛論述從選譯到揚棄的始末，必須被置於1920年代中國政治與社會情勢演變、及無政府主義者欲突破革命困境的時代脈絡中，加以理解與詮釋。

China in the 1920s saw the rising tide of free love/marriage and new sexual morality imported from abroad as it underwent sociopolitical upheavals. Anarchism, which had greatly inspired intellectuals and students with its antimilitarism and cultural iconoclasm in the 1910s, began to lose its edge in rivalry with the National Party and the Communist Party during the next decade. Refusing to collaborate with these two political parties, Chinese young anarchists strove to contribute to social revolution in their own radical, anarchistic way. How did they manage to do it?
This article examines the characteristics and significance of Chinese anarchists’discourses in light of their translation and adaptation of the sex radicalism of Russian American anarchist Emma Goldman(1869-1940). I chart the cross-cultural circulation of Goldman’s anarchism since the early twentieth century, with the focus on the rendition of her idea of free love by the Chinese anarchists in the 1920s. By doing so, I showcase the revised sex radicalism of Chinese anarchists in the process of their dialectic thinking and criticism of Goldman’s free love. Their dialectic thinking of Goldman’s free love, this article reveals, could only be grasped in the context of sociopolitical change in 1920s China as anarchists sought their breakthrough in their pursuit of social revolution.