東漢中晚期的忠孝觀念解體──以漢碑為例

The Change of the Loyalty and Filial Concept in the Middle and Late Eastern Han Dynasty: Take the Han Dynasty Stone Tablets as an Example

東漢至桓、靈二帝時期，王朝瀕臨崩塌，政治腐敗、民不聊生的記載頻見於正史。然而與此同時，耗鉅資立碑的行為卻在各地方州郡爆發式增長，形成了值得研究的特殊現象。以往多從經濟、厚葬風俗等角度進行探究，但都難以解釋立碑數量突然增長在時間上的特殊性。本文從觀念史角度進行探究，以漢代特殊的「天人合一」式政治正當性觀念為基礎，試圖展現東漢中晚期災異頻發現象引起的觀念衝擊，在沒有修復和重建機制的情況下，特殊的思想觀念所引發一系列混亂的政治舉措。以忠孝觀念建構的政治正當性逐漸解體，加劇了人為腐敗和叛亂的破壞力，使王朝內部形成了地方勢力割據的政治局面。東漢中晚期出現的立碑風潮，展現了忠孝觀念與政治秩序解體、斷裂後，忠孝對象轉而下移，底層儒生群體由孝而忠的對象不再是皇帝，而是轉為指向地方官員。在形成地方勢力凝結之後，東漢政權從內部開始瓦解，並進一步影響了魏晉的政治結構。

During the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of Eastern Han Dynasty, because of political corruption, the regime was on the verge of collapse; however, at the same time, a vast sum of money were spent on stone tablets erecting, which resulted in the explosive growth of tablet erecting in various local states and counties, forming a special phenomenon worthy of attention. In the past, lots of studies were made from the perspectives of economy and the custom of elaborate funeral, but they failed to explain the particularity of the time when the number of tablets suddenly increased. Based on the special concept of“unity of heaven and man”in the Han Dynasty, this paper examines the ideological impact and political chaos caused by frequent disasters in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the absence of repair and reconstruction mechanism, the concept of political legitimacy gradually disintegrated, which intensified the destructive power of political corruption and local rebellion, and resulted in the fragmentation of regional political powers within the dynasty. The trend of stone tablets erecting in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty demonstrated that the object of filial piety and loyalty of the lower Confucian scholars was no longer the emperor, but was forced to move down to the local officials after the disintegration of the loyalty and filial concept and the political order. After the condensation and expansion of local forces, the Eastern Han Dynasty began to collapse from within, and the wave of stone tablets erecting has become the historical evidence of this trend.